Simulation Investigation of Quantum FSO–Fiber System Using the BB84 QKD Protocol Under Severe Weather Conditions
In response to the increasing demands for reliable, fast, and secure communications beyond 5G scenarios, the high-capacity networks have become a focal point. Quantum communication is at the forefront of this research, offering unmatched throughput and security. A free space optics (FSO) communicati...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Meet Kumari Satyendra K. Mishra |
| author_facet | Meet Kumari Satyendra K. Mishra |
| author_sort | Meet Kumari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In response to the increasing demands for reliable, fast, and secure communications beyond 5G scenarios, the high-capacity networks have become a focal point. Quantum communication is at the forefront of this research, offering unmatched throughput and security. A free space optics (FSO) communication system integrated with fiber-end is designed and investigated using the Bennett–Brassard 1984 quantum key distribution (BB84-QKD) protocol. Simulation results show that reliable transmission can be achieved over a 10–15 km fiber length with a signal power of −19.54 dBm and high optical-to-signal noise of 72.28–95.30 dB over a 550 m FSO range under clear air, haze, fog, and rain conditions at a data rate of 1 Gbps. Also, the system using rectilinearly and circularly polarized signals exhibits a Stokes parameter intensity of −4.69 to −35.65 dBm and −7.7 to −35.66 dBm Stokes parameter intensity, respectively, over 100–700 m FSO range under diverse weather conditions. Likewise, for the same scenario, an FSO range of 100 m incorporating 2.5–4 mrad beam divergence provides the Stokes power intensity of −6.03 to −11.1 dBm and −9.04 to −14.12 dBm for rectilinearly and circularly polarized signals, respectively. Moreover, compared to existing works, this work allows faithful and secure signal transmission in free space, considering FSO–fiber link losses. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9aa3a4e5f2704520863d81162abcdbef |
| institution | DOAJ |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| series | Photonics |
| spelling | doaj-art-9aa3a4e5f2704520863d81162abcdbef2025-08-20T03:08:13ZengMDPI AGPhotonics2304-67322025-07-0112771210.3390/photonics12070712Simulation Investigation of Quantum FSO–Fiber System Using the BB84 QKD Protocol Under Severe Weather ConditionsMeet Kumari0Satyendra K. Mishra1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), University Institute of Engineering (UIE) and University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, IndiaSRCOM Division, Centre Technologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, SpainIn response to the increasing demands for reliable, fast, and secure communications beyond 5G scenarios, the high-capacity networks have become a focal point. Quantum communication is at the forefront of this research, offering unmatched throughput and security. A free space optics (FSO) communication system integrated with fiber-end is designed and investigated using the Bennett–Brassard 1984 quantum key distribution (BB84-QKD) protocol. Simulation results show that reliable transmission can be achieved over a 10–15 km fiber length with a signal power of −19.54 dBm and high optical-to-signal noise of 72.28–95.30 dB over a 550 m FSO range under clear air, haze, fog, and rain conditions at a data rate of 1 Gbps. Also, the system using rectilinearly and circularly polarized signals exhibits a Stokes parameter intensity of −4.69 to −35.65 dBm and −7.7 to −35.66 dBm Stokes parameter intensity, respectively, over 100–700 m FSO range under diverse weather conditions. Likewise, for the same scenario, an FSO range of 100 m incorporating 2.5–4 mrad beam divergence provides the Stokes power intensity of −6.03 to −11.1 dBm and −9.04 to −14.12 dBm for rectilinearly and circularly polarized signals, respectively. Moreover, compared to existing works, this work allows faithful and secure signal transmission in free space, considering FSO–fiber link losses.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/7/7125GBB84FSOQKD |
| spellingShingle | Meet Kumari Satyendra K. Mishra Simulation Investigation of Quantum FSO–Fiber System Using the BB84 QKD Protocol Under Severe Weather Conditions Photonics 5G BB84 FSO QKD |
| title | Simulation Investigation of Quantum FSO–Fiber System Using the BB84 QKD Protocol Under Severe Weather Conditions |
| title_full | Simulation Investigation of Quantum FSO–Fiber System Using the BB84 QKD Protocol Under Severe Weather Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Simulation Investigation of Quantum FSO–Fiber System Using the BB84 QKD Protocol Under Severe Weather Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simulation Investigation of Quantum FSO–Fiber System Using the BB84 QKD Protocol Under Severe Weather Conditions |
| title_short | Simulation Investigation of Quantum FSO–Fiber System Using the BB84 QKD Protocol Under Severe Weather Conditions |
| title_sort | simulation investigation of quantum fso fiber system using the bb84 qkd protocol under severe weather conditions |
| topic | 5G BB84 FSO QKD |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/7/712 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT meetkumari simulationinvestigationofquantumfsofibersystemusingthebb84qkdprotocolundersevereweatherconditions AT satyendrakmishra simulationinvestigationofquantumfsofibersystemusingthebb84qkdprotocolundersevereweatherconditions |