Antibiotics in wastewater: Exploring the sources, links to antibiotic resistance, and strategies for their removal

Antibiotics in wastewater have posed significant health concern as they promote the development and spread of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) among bacterial populations. Several studies have reported the occurrence and diversity of antibiotics and their relation with ARGs in bacterial population...

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Main Authors: Prem Rajak, Abhratanu Ganguly, Sukhendu Dey, Kamalesh Sen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-12-01
Series:Cleaner Water
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950263225000481
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author Prem Rajak
Abhratanu Ganguly
Sukhendu Dey
Kamalesh Sen
author_facet Prem Rajak
Abhratanu Ganguly
Sukhendu Dey
Kamalesh Sen
author_sort Prem Rajak
collection DOAJ
description Antibiotics in wastewater have posed significant health concern as they promote the development and spread of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) among bacterial populations. Several studies have reported the occurrence and diversity of antibiotics and their relation with ARGs in bacterial populations of wastewater samples collected from different wastewater treatment plants. Bacterial populations in wastewater are usually dominated by Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia, which contain ARGs. Wastewater derived from hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, animal farms, and domestic sources harbors a diverse range of ARGs, including those conferring resistance to β-lactam, macrolides, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones. The abundance of ARGs significantly correlates with the concentrations of antibiotics in the wastewater. Bacterial strains typically employ efflux pumps, target-site modulation, and enzymatic degradation of antibiotics to impart resistance. Horizontal gene transfer plays a significant role in the propagation of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains. Several sustainable approaches, such as membrane filtration, adsorption, photocatalysis, and the Advanced Oxidation Process, offer promising advantages for better management of pharmaceutical wastes. Therefore, the present study highlights the occurrence and abundance of antibiotics and ARGs in wastewater and the need for sustainable approaches to mitigate antibiotic resistance.
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spelling doaj-art-9a9b8b9577634e409b33357bffedc63d2025-08-20T05:08:33ZengElsevierCleaner Water2950-26322025-12-01410011010.1016/j.clwat.2025.100110Antibiotics in wastewater: Exploring the sources, links to antibiotic resistance, and strategies for their removalPrem Rajak0Abhratanu Ganguly1Sukhendu Dey2Kamalesh Sen3Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India; Corresponding author.Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, IndiaThe University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, IndiaDepartment of Environmental Science, Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar, Burdwan, West Bengal, IndiaAntibiotics in wastewater have posed significant health concern as they promote the development and spread of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) among bacterial populations. Several studies have reported the occurrence and diversity of antibiotics and their relation with ARGs in bacterial populations of wastewater samples collected from different wastewater treatment plants. Bacterial populations in wastewater are usually dominated by Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia, which contain ARGs. Wastewater derived from hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, animal farms, and domestic sources harbors a diverse range of ARGs, including those conferring resistance to β-lactam, macrolides, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones. The abundance of ARGs significantly correlates with the concentrations of antibiotics in the wastewater. Bacterial strains typically employ efflux pumps, target-site modulation, and enzymatic degradation of antibiotics to impart resistance. Horizontal gene transfer plays a significant role in the propagation of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains. Several sustainable approaches, such as membrane filtration, adsorption, photocatalysis, and the Advanced Oxidation Process, offer promising advantages for better management of pharmaceutical wastes. Therefore, the present study highlights the occurrence and abundance of antibiotics and ARGs in wastewater and the need for sustainable approaches to mitigate antibiotic resistance.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950263225000481AntibioticsAntibiotic resistance genesWastewaterPhotocatalysisAntimicrobial resistance
spellingShingle Prem Rajak
Abhratanu Ganguly
Sukhendu Dey
Kamalesh Sen
Antibiotics in wastewater: Exploring the sources, links to antibiotic resistance, and strategies for their removal
Cleaner Water
Antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance genes
Wastewater
Photocatalysis
Antimicrobial resistance
title Antibiotics in wastewater: Exploring the sources, links to antibiotic resistance, and strategies for their removal
title_full Antibiotics in wastewater: Exploring the sources, links to antibiotic resistance, and strategies for their removal
title_fullStr Antibiotics in wastewater: Exploring the sources, links to antibiotic resistance, and strategies for their removal
title_full_unstemmed Antibiotics in wastewater: Exploring the sources, links to antibiotic resistance, and strategies for their removal
title_short Antibiotics in wastewater: Exploring the sources, links to antibiotic resistance, and strategies for their removal
title_sort antibiotics in wastewater exploring the sources links to antibiotic resistance and strategies for their removal
topic Antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance genes
Wastewater
Photocatalysis
Antimicrobial resistance
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950263225000481
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AT sukhendudey antibioticsinwastewaterexploringthesourceslinkstoantibioticresistanceandstrategiesfortheirremoval
AT kamaleshsen antibioticsinwastewaterexploringthesourceslinkstoantibioticresistanceandstrategiesfortheirremoval