Avoidance of reproductive conflict and the evolution of menopause in chimpanzees

The reproductive conflict hypothesis suggests menopause is rare in nature because it is only evolutionarily favoured in specific dispersal and mating systems. In social groups with local mating, shared resource competition and female-biased dispersal, an increase in a breeding female’s relatedness t...

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Main Authors: Lauren C. White, Dieter Lukas, Kevin E. Langergraber, Linda Vigilant
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Royal Society 2025-06-01
Series:Royal Society Open Science
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Online Access:https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250385
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author Lauren C. White
Dieter Lukas
Kevin E. Langergraber
Linda Vigilant
author_facet Lauren C. White
Dieter Lukas
Kevin E. Langergraber
Linda Vigilant
author_sort Lauren C. White
collection DOAJ
description The reproductive conflict hypothesis suggests menopause is rare in nature because it is only evolutionarily favoured in specific dispersal and mating systems. In social groups with local mating, shared resource competition and female-biased dispersal, an increase in a breeding female’s relatedness to her fellow community members with age is expected to favour late-life reproductive cessation as a response to intergenerational reproductive competition. Here, we use observational and genomic data from the Ngogo chimpanzee community to characterize kinship dynamics and investigate the potential role of reproductive conflict in explaining a recent report of menopause in this community. We first find that, as predicted by simple models, the combination of female dispersal and local breeding leads to age-specific increases in relatedness between female and male community members. Next, we use the observed kinship dynamics in inclusive fitness formulae to test whether reproductive cessation might have been selected for in chimpanzee females. We find that kinship dynamics measured within subgroups of the community, where competition is presumably most intense, favour the evolution of menopause beginning around age 40. This is consistent with patterns of age-related fertility declines observed in Ngogo, suggesting reproductive conflict may have contributed to the evolution of chimpanzee post-reproductive lifespans.
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spelling doaj-art-9a7d926af9d04656a76ff726e62d0f652025-08-20T02:20:37ZengThe Royal SocietyRoyal Society Open Science2054-57032025-06-0112610.1098/rsos.250385Avoidance of reproductive conflict and the evolution of menopause in chimpanzeesLauren C. White0Dieter Lukas1Kevin E. Langergraber2Linda Vigilant3Department of Primate Behaviour and Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Human Behaviour, Ecology & Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, GermanyInstitute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Chance, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USADepartment of Primate Behaviour and Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, GermanyThe reproductive conflict hypothesis suggests menopause is rare in nature because it is only evolutionarily favoured in specific dispersal and mating systems. In social groups with local mating, shared resource competition and female-biased dispersal, an increase in a breeding female’s relatedness to her fellow community members with age is expected to favour late-life reproductive cessation as a response to intergenerational reproductive competition. Here, we use observational and genomic data from the Ngogo chimpanzee community to characterize kinship dynamics and investigate the potential role of reproductive conflict in explaining a recent report of menopause in this community. We first find that, as predicted by simple models, the combination of female dispersal and local breeding leads to age-specific increases in relatedness between female and male community members. Next, we use the observed kinship dynamics in inclusive fitness formulae to test whether reproductive cessation might have been selected for in chimpanzee females. We find that kinship dynamics measured within subgroups of the community, where competition is presumably most intense, favour the evolution of menopause beginning around age 40. This is consistent with patterns of age-related fertility declines observed in Ngogo, suggesting reproductive conflict may have contributed to the evolution of chimpanzee post-reproductive lifespans.https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250385menopausereproductive conflictchimpanzeeskinship dynamicsgenomicsrelatedness
spellingShingle Lauren C. White
Dieter Lukas
Kevin E. Langergraber
Linda Vigilant
Avoidance of reproductive conflict and the evolution of menopause in chimpanzees
Royal Society Open Science
menopause
reproductive conflict
chimpanzees
kinship dynamics
genomics
relatedness
title Avoidance of reproductive conflict and the evolution of menopause in chimpanzees
title_full Avoidance of reproductive conflict and the evolution of menopause in chimpanzees
title_fullStr Avoidance of reproductive conflict and the evolution of menopause in chimpanzees
title_full_unstemmed Avoidance of reproductive conflict and the evolution of menopause in chimpanzees
title_short Avoidance of reproductive conflict and the evolution of menopause in chimpanzees
title_sort avoidance of reproductive conflict and the evolution of menopause in chimpanzees
topic menopause
reproductive conflict
chimpanzees
kinship dynamics
genomics
relatedness
url https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250385
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AT dieterlukas avoidanceofreproductiveconflictandtheevolutionofmenopauseinchimpanzees
AT kevinelangergraber avoidanceofreproductiveconflictandtheevolutionofmenopauseinchimpanzees
AT lindavigilant avoidanceofreproductiveconflictandtheevolutionofmenopauseinchimpanzees