Gut Feelings: How Microbes, Diet, and Host Immunity Shape Disease
The human gut microbiome is intricately linked to systemic and organ-specific immune responses and is highly responsive to dietary modulation. As metagenomic techniques enable in-depth study of an ever-growing number of gut microbial species, it has become increasingly feasible to decipher the speci...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1357 |
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| author | Benjamin Frederick Theis Jun Sung Park Jong Sung Anthony Kim Sareh Zeydabadinejad Matam Vijay-Kumar Beng San Yeoh Piu Saha |
| author_facet | Benjamin Frederick Theis Jun Sung Park Jong Sung Anthony Kim Sareh Zeydabadinejad Matam Vijay-Kumar Beng San Yeoh Piu Saha |
| author_sort | Benjamin Frederick Theis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The human gut microbiome is intricately linked to systemic and organ-specific immune responses and is highly responsive to dietary modulation. As metagenomic techniques enable in-depth study of an ever-growing number of gut microbial species, it has become increasingly feasible to decipher the specific functions of the gut microbiome and how they may be modulated by diet. Diet exerts both supportive and selective pressures on the gut microbiome by regulating a multitude of factors, including energy density, macronutrient and micronutrient content, and circadian rhythm. The microbiome, in turn, contributes to local and systemic immune responses by providing colonization resistance against pathogens, shaping immune cell activity and differentiation, and facilitating the production of bioactive metabolites. Emerging research has strengthened the connections between the gut microbiome and cardiometabolic disorders (e.g., cardiovascular disease, obesity, type-2 diabetes), autoimmune conditions (e.g., type-1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease), respiratory disease, chronic kidney and liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, depressive disorders). Here, we outline ways in which dietary factors impact host response in diseases through alterations of gut microbiome functionality and composition. Consideration of diet-mediated microbial effects within the context of the diseases discussed highlights the potential of microbiome-targeted treatment strategies as alternative or adjunct therapies to improve patient outcomes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9a22ab58fcc44b4eaad9949de7f8f8b8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj-art-9a22ab58fcc44b4eaad9949de7f8f8b82025-08-20T03:26:17ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592025-05-01136135710.3390/biomedicines13061357Gut Feelings: How Microbes, Diet, and Host Immunity Shape DiseaseBenjamin Frederick Theis0Jun Sung Park1Jong Sung Anthony Kim2Sareh Zeydabadinejad3Matam Vijay-Kumar4Beng San Yeoh5Piu Saha6Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USADepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USADepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USADepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USADepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USADepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USADepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USAThe human gut microbiome is intricately linked to systemic and organ-specific immune responses and is highly responsive to dietary modulation. As metagenomic techniques enable in-depth study of an ever-growing number of gut microbial species, it has become increasingly feasible to decipher the specific functions of the gut microbiome and how they may be modulated by diet. Diet exerts both supportive and selective pressures on the gut microbiome by regulating a multitude of factors, including energy density, macronutrient and micronutrient content, and circadian rhythm. The microbiome, in turn, contributes to local and systemic immune responses by providing colonization resistance against pathogens, shaping immune cell activity and differentiation, and facilitating the production of bioactive metabolites. Emerging research has strengthened the connections between the gut microbiome and cardiometabolic disorders (e.g., cardiovascular disease, obesity, type-2 diabetes), autoimmune conditions (e.g., type-1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease), respiratory disease, chronic kidney and liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, depressive disorders). Here, we outline ways in which dietary factors impact host response in diseases through alterations of gut microbiome functionality and composition. Consideration of diet-mediated microbial effects within the context of the diseases discussed highlights the potential of microbiome-targeted treatment strategies as alternative or adjunct therapies to improve patient outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1357fermentable fibershort-chain fatty acidsprobioticsfecal microbiota transfercircadian rhythm |
| spellingShingle | Benjamin Frederick Theis Jun Sung Park Jong Sung Anthony Kim Sareh Zeydabadinejad Matam Vijay-Kumar Beng San Yeoh Piu Saha Gut Feelings: How Microbes, Diet, and Host Immunity Shape Disease Biomedicines fermentable fiber short-chain fatty acids probiotics fecal microbiota transfer circadian rhythm |
| title | Gut Feelings: How Microbes, Diet, and Host Immunity Shape Disease |
| title_full | Gut Feelings: How Microbes, Diet, and Host Immunity Shape Disease |
| title_fullStr | Gut Feelings: How Microbes, Diet, and Host Immunity Shape Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gut Feelings: How Microbes, Diet, and Host Immunity Shape Disease |
| title_short | Gut Feelings: How Microbes, Diet, and Host Immunity Shape Disease |
| title_sort | gut feelings how microbes diet and host immunity shape disease |
| topic | fermentable fiber short-chain fatty acids probiotics fecal microbiota transfer circadian rhythm |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1357 |
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