Insights into the role of aromatic cationic surfactants in tailoring interfacial polymerization for high-performance reverse osmosis membranes

Surfactant-mediated interfacial polymerization (IP) has been recognized as a promising strategy for accurately modulation of the structure and performance of polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. While aromatic cationic surfactants have demonstrated potential in regulating IP processes, the...

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Main Authors: Jie Gao, Yongkai Xu, Nanxiang Wang, Dingxian Jia, Mingjie Wei, Shuang Hao, Yunxia Hu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. 2025-01-01
Series:Advanced Membranes
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823425000314
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author Jie Gao
Yongkai Xu
Nanxiang Wang
Dingxian Jia
Mingjie Wei
Shuang Hao
Yunxia Hu
author_facet Jie Gao
Yongkai Xu
Nanxiang Wang
Dingxian Jia
Mingjie Wei
Shuang Hao
Yunxia Hu
author_sort Jie Gao
collection DOAJ
description Surfactant-mediated interfacial polymerization (IP) has been recognized as a promising strategy for accurately modulation of the structure and performance of polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. While aromatic cationic surfactants have demonstrated potential in regulating IP processes, the influence of their molecular structure on IP process and their incorporation integrated into the PA layer remain unexplored. This work systematically investigates two model surfactants—benzalkonium chloride (BAC, single benzene) versus benzethonium chloride (BEC, dual benzene)—as molecular regulators during PA layer formation. The results reveal that both aromatic cationic surfactants facilitate the diffusion of m-phenylenediamine (MPD) from the aqueous to the organic phase, enhancing PA cross-linking, while simultaneously embedding into the PA matrix to modulate surface properties. Notably, BEC, due to its distinctive dual-benzene-ring structure, exhibits a superior ability to accelerate MPD diffusion, triggering more pronounced Marangoni convection during IP, which contributes to a higher leaf-like structure area (0.017 ​μm2) of the resulting PA layer. Additionally, the strong π–π interaction between BEC and the PA network leads to a high embedding ratio of BEC within the membrane. Consequently, the BEC-regulated RO membranes demonstrate enhanced perm-selectivity, alongside improved antifouling and antibacterial properties. This study presents novel perspectives on the strategic design of cost-effective and high-performance fabrication methods for RO membranes, demonstrating substantial promise for industrial applications.
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spelling doaj-art-99f98cff6c1d429ca827f7d772a896f02025-08-20T03:30:04ZengKeAi Communications Co. Ltd.Advanced Membranes2772-82342025-01-01510015710.1016/j.advmem.2025.100157Insights into the role of aromatic cationic surfactants in tailoring interfacial polymerization for high-performance reverse osmosis membranesJie Gao0Yongkai Xu1Nanxiang Wang2Dingxian Jia3Mingjie Wei4Shuang Hao5Yunxia Hu6State Key Laboratory of Advanced Separation Membrane Materials, National Center for International Research on Membrane Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR ChinaState Key Laboratory of Advanced Separation Membrane Materials, National Center for International Research on Membrane Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR ChinaState Key Laboratory of Advanced Separation Membrane Materials, National Center for International Research on Membrane Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR ChinaState Key Laboratory of Advanced Separation Membrane Materials, National Center for International Research on Membrane Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR ChinaNJTECH University Suzhou Future Membrane Technology Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215100, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR ChinaState Key Laboratory of Advanced Separation Membrane Materials, National Center for International Research on Membrane Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China; Corresponding author.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Separation Membrane Materials, National Center for International Research on Membrane Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China; Corresponding author.Surfactant-mediated interfacial polymerization (IP) has been recognized as a promising strategy for accurately modulation of the structure and performance of polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. While aromatic cationic surfactants have demonstrated potential in regulating IP processes, the influence of their molecular structure on IP process and their incorporation integrated into the PA layer remain unexplored. This work systematically investigates two model surfactants—benzalkonium chloride (BAC, single benzene) versus benzethonium chloride (BEC, dual benzene)—as molecular regulators during PA layer formation. The results reveal that both aromatic cationic surfactants facilitate the diffusion of m-phenylenediamine (MPD) from the aqueous to the organic phase, enhancing PA cross-linking, while simultaneously embedding into the PA matrix to modulate surface properties. Notably, BEC, due to its distinctive dual-benzene-ring structure, exhibits a superior ability to accelerate MPD diffusion, triggering more pronounced Marangoni convection during IP, which contributes to a higher leaf-like structure area (0.017 ​μm2) of the resulting PA layer. Additionally, the strong π–π interaction between BEC and the PA network leads to a high embedding ratio of BEC within the membrane. Consequently, the BEC-regulated RO membranes demonstrate enhanced perm-selectivity, alongside improved antifouling and antibacterial properties. This study presents novel perspectives on the strategic design of cost-effective and high-performance fabrication methods for RO membranes, demonstrating substantial promise for industrial applications.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823425000314Aromatic cationic surfactantInterfacial polymerizationReverse osmosis membraneAntifouling performanceSeparation performance
spellingShingle Jie Gao
Yongkai Xu
Nanxiang Wang
Dingxian Jia
Mingjie Wei
Shuang Hao
Yunxia Hu
Insights into the role of aromatic cationic surfactants in tailoring interfacial polymerization for high-performance reverse osmosis membranes
Advanced Membranes
Aromatic cationic surfactant
Interfacial polymerization
Reverse osmosis membrane
Antifouling performance
Separation performance
title Insights into the role of aromatic cationic surfactants in tailoring interfacial polymerization for high-performance reverse osmosis membranes
title_full Insights into the role of aromatic cationic surfactants in tailoring interfacial polymerization for high-performance reverse osmosis membranes
title_fullStr Insights into the role of aromatic cationic surfactants in tailoring interfacial polymerization for high-performance reverse osmosis membranes
title_full_unstemmed Insights into the role of aromatic cationic surfactants in tailoring interfacial polymerization for high-performance reverse osmosis membranes
title_short Insights into the role of aromatic cationic surfactants in tailoring interfacial polymerization for high-performance reverse osmosis membranes
title_sort insights into the role of aromatic cationic surfactants in tailoring interfacial polymerization for high performance reverse osmosis membranes
topic Aromatic cationic surfactant
Interfacial polymerization
Reverse osmosis membrane
Antifouling performance
Separation performance
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823425000314
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AT nanxiangwang insightsintotheroleofaromaticcationicsurfactantsintailoringinterfacialpolymerizationforhighperformancereverseosmosismembranes
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