Multi-Scale Tolerance Mechanisms of <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. Under Lead Stress and Its Application in Phytoremediation
Heavy metal pollution poses a global environmental challenge, with lead (Pb) being particularly concerning due to its persistence and toxicity. This study investigated <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. from China’s Yellow River Sanmenxia section through hydroponic experiments (0–600 mg/L Pb&...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Shilin Xu Xiaofang Wang Zichen Meng Pingyao Cheng Wei Li You Zhou Yongsheng Li |
| author_facet | Shilin Xu Xiaofang Wang Zichen Meng Pingyao Cheng Wei Li You Zhou Yongsheng Li |
| author_sort | Shilin Xu |
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| description | Heavy metal pollution poses a global environmental challenge, with lead (Pb) being particularly concerning due to its persistence and toxicity. This study investigated <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. from China’s Yellow River Sanmenxia section through hydroponic experiments (0–600 mg/L Pb<sup>2+</sup>, 1–11 d exposure) to elucidate its Pb<sup>2+</sup> response mechanisms. Integrated analyses (EDX, FTIR, thermogravimetry, hyperspectral imaging) revealed a three-phase sequestration strategy: the roots immobilized 88.55% of Pb through pectin carboxyl de-esterification and lignin–Pb complexation, while the stems and leaves retained <11.14% and <0.31%, respectively. A critical threshold (300 mg/L) triggered nonlinear Pb accumulation escalation. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhanced cell wall stability under Pb stress (66.7% residual carbon increase at 600 mg/L). Hyperspectral features (1670 nm band intensity) effectively tracked physiological stress dynamics. The findings establish <i>X. strumarium</i>’s superior suitability for root-based immobilization rather than phytoextraction in Pb-contaminated sites, with its low translocation efficiency minimizing ecological risks. The identified concentration threshold and spectral biomarkers provide multi-scale insights for optimizing in situ phytostabilization strategies, advancing both theoretical understandings and practical applications in heavy metal remediation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-99f3c51f3c304f68b45eec50e211e498 |
| institution | DOAJ |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-99f3c51f3c304f68b45eec50e211e4982025-08-20T02:58:44ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-04-01149130710.3390/plants14091307Multi-Scale Tolerance Mechanisms of <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. Under Lead Stress and Its Application in PhytoremediationShilin Xu0Xiaofang Wang1Zichen Meng2Pingyao Cheng3Wei Li4You Zhou5Yongsheng Li6College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaHeavy metal pollution poses a global environmental challenge, with lead (Pb) being particularly concerning due to its persistence and toxicity. This study investigated <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. from China’s Yellow River Sanmenxia section through hydroponic experiments (0–600 mg/L Pb<sup>2+</sup>, 1–11 d exposure) to elucidate its Pb<sup>2+</sup> response mechanisms. Integrated analyses (EDX, FTIR, thermogravimetry, hyperspectral imaging) revealed a three-phase sequestration strategy: the roots immobilized 88.55% of Pb through pectin carboxyl de-esterification and lignin–Pb complexation, while the stems and leaves retained <11.14% and <0.31%, respectively. A critical threshold (300 mg/L) triggered nonlinear Pb accumulation escalation. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhanced cell wall stability under Pb stress (66.7% residual carbon increase at 600 mg/L). Hyperspectral features (1670 nm band intensity) effectively tracked physiological stress dynamics. The findings establish <i>X. strumarium</i>’s superior suitability for root-based immobilization rather than phytoextraction in Pb-contaminated sites, with its low translocation efficiency minimizing ecological risks. The identified concentration threshold and spectral biomarkers provide multi-scale insights for optimizing in situ phytostabilization strategies, advancing both theoretical understandings and practical applications in heavy metal remediation.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/9/1307lead pollutionphytoremediation<i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L.heavy metal tolerance mechanisms |
| spellingShingle | Shilin Xu Xiaofang Wang Zichen Meng Pingyao Cheng Wei Li You Zhou Yongsheng Li Multi-Scale Tolerance Mechanisms of <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. Under Lead Stress and Its Application in Phytoremediation Plants lead pollution phytoremediation <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. heavy metal tolerance mechanisms |
| title | Multi-Scale Tolerance Mechanisms of <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. Under Lead Stress and Its Application in Phytoremediation |
| title_full | Multi-Scale Tolerance Mechanisms of <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. Under Lead Stress and Its Application in Phytoremediation |
| title_fullStr | Multi-Scale Tolerance Mechanisms of <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. Under Lead Stress and Its Application in Phytoremediation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multi-Scale Tolerance Mechanisms of <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. Under Lead Stress and Its Application in Phytoremediation |
| title_short | Multi-Scale Tolerance Mechanisms of <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. Under Lead Stress and Its Application in Phytoremediation |
| title_sort | multi scale tolerance mechanisms of i xanthium strumarium i l under lead stress and its application in phytoremediation |
| topic | lead pollution phytoremediation <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L. heavy metal tolerance mechanisms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/9/1307 |
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