Cerebrospinal Fluid Classical Biomarker Levels in Mixed vs. Pure A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup>) Alzheimer’s Disease
<b>Background</b>: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may present with pure (typical or atypical) and mixed phenotypes, sometimes causing difficulties in (differential) diagnosis. In order to achieve a diagnostic accuracy as high as possible, the diagnosis of AD during life depends on various biom...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Ioanna Tsantzali Athanasia Athanasaki Fotini Boufidou Vasilios C. Constantinides Maria-Ioanna Stefanou Christos Moschovos Christina Zompola Sotirios G. Paraskevas Anastasios Bonakis Sotirios Giannopoulos Georgios Tsivgoulis Elisabeth Kapaki George P. Paraskevas |
| author_facet | Ioanna Tsantzali Athanasia Athanasaki Fotini Boufidou Vasilios C. Constantinides Maria-Ioanna Stefanou Christos Moschovos Christina Zompola Sotirios G. Paraskevas Anastasios Bonakis Sotirios Giannopoulos Georgios Tsivgoulis Elisabeth Kapaki George P. Paraskevas |
| author_sort | Ioanna Tsantzali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background</b>: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may present with pure (typical or atypical) and mixed phenotypes, sometimes causing difficulties in (differential) diagnosis. In order to achieve a diagnostic accuracy as high as possible, the diagnosis of AD during life depends on various biomarkers, including the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. <b>Methods</b>: Classical CSF AD biomarkers were determined in a total of 61 patients, classified as both beta amyloid- and tau-positive A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (or A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup> according to the recently revised Alzheimer Association criteria for diagnosis and staging of AD). Twenty one of these patients fulfilled the criteria for mixed AD (mixed with Lewy bodies, cerebrovascular disease, or normal pressure hydrocephalus), whilst 40 had pure AD. Results: Patients did not differ with respect to gender, education, disease duration, and cognitive status. After controlling for confounding factors, no difference was observed between mixed and pure AD groups in Aβ<sub>42</sub> or Aβ<sub>42</sub>/Aβ<sub>40</sub> levels. Although by definition, patients of both groups had abnormal (increased) levels of phospho-tau<sub>181</sub>, the mixed AD group presented with lower (less abnormal) levels of phospho-tau181 and total tau as compared to the pure group. Conclusions: In patients with AD of comparable cognitive status, mixed AD cases may present with lower levels of tau proteins and, if close to the cut-off values, diagnostic uncertainty may be increased. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-99901959390d4311aee386fe2e6ec769 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj-art-99901959390d4311aee386fe2e6ec7692025-08-20T02:53:27ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592024-12-011212290410.3390/biomedicines12122904Cerebrospinal Fluid Classical Biomarker Levels in Mixed vs. Pure A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup>) Alzheimer’s DiseaseIoanna Tsantzali0Athanasia Athanasaki1Fotini Boufidou2Vasilios C. Constantinides3Maria-Ioanna Stefanou4Christos Moschovos5Christina Zompola6Sotirios G. Paraskevas7Anastasios Bonakis8Sotirios Giannopoulos9Georgios Tsivgoulis10Elisabeth Kapaki11George P. Paraskevas122nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, GreeceNeurochemistry and Βiological Markers Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, “Eginition” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, GreeceNeurochemistry and Βiological Markers Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, “Eginition” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, GreeceNeurochemistry and Βiological Markers Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, “Eginition” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Neurology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece<b>Background</b>: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may present with pure (typical or atypical) and mixed phenotypes, sometimes causing difficulties in (differential) diagnosis. In order to achieve a diagnostic accuracy as high as possible, the diagnosis of AD during life depends on various biomarkers, including the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. <b>Methods</b>: Classical CSF AD biomarkers were determined in a total of 61 patients, classified as both beta amyloid- and tau-positive A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (or A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup> according to the recently revised Alzheimer Association criteria for diagnosis and staging of AD). Twenty one of these patients fulfilled the criteria for mixed AD (mixed with Lewy bodies, cerebrovascular disease, or normal pressure hydrocephalus), whilst 40 had pure AD. Results: Patients did not differ with respect to gender, education, disease duration, and cognitive status. After controlling for confounding factors, no difference was observed between mixed and pure AD groups in Aβ<sub>42</sub> or Aβ<sub>42</sub>/Aβ<sub>40</sub> levels. Although by definition, patients of both groups had abnormal (increased) levels of phospho-tau<sub>181</sub>, the mixed AD group presented with lower (less abnormal) levels of phospho-tau181 and total tau as compared to the pure group. Conclusions: In patients with AD of comparable cognitive status, mixed AD cases may present with lower levels of tau proteins and, if close to the cut-off values, diagnostic uncertainty may be increased.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/12/2904Alzheimer’s diseasebeta amyloidtau proteinphospho-taucerebrospinal fluidbiomarkers |
| spellingShingle | Ioanna Tsantzali Athanasia Athanasaki Fotini Boufidou Vasilios C. Constantinides Maria-Ioanna Stefanou Christos Moschovos Christina Zompola Sotirios G. Paraskevas Anastasios Bonakis Sotirios Giannopoulos Georgios Tsivgoulis Elisabeth Kapaki George P. Paraskevas Cerebrospinal Fluid Classical Biomarker Levels in Mixed vs. Pure A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup>) Alzheimer’s Disease Biomedicines Alzheimer’s disease beta amyloid tau protein phospho-tau cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers |
| title | Cerebrospinal Fluid Classical Biomarker Levels in Mixed vs. Pure A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup>) Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full | Cerebrospinal Fluid Classical Biomarker Levels in Mixed vs. Pure A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup>) Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_fullStr | Cerebrospinal Fluid Classical Biomarker Levels in Mixed vs. Pure A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup>) Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cerebrospinal Fluid Classical Biomarker Levels in Mixed vs. Pure A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup>) Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_short | Cerebrospinal Fluid Classical Biomarker Levels in Mixed vs. Pure A<sup>+</sup>T<sup>+</sup> (A<sup>+</sup>T<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup>) Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_sort | cerebrospinal fluid classical biomarker levels in mixed vs pure a sup sup t sup sup a sup sup t sub 1 sub sup sup alzheimer s disease |
| topic | Alzheimer’s disease beta amyloid tau protein phospho-tau cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/12/2904 |
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