The Metastability and Nucleation Thresholds of Ibuprofen in Ethanol and Water-Ethanol Mixtures
To investigate the crystallization of ibuprofen [((RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) propanoic acid)] from ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures it is necessary to know the nucleation limits of its solutions. In the absence of crystals, nucleation will seldom occur below the PNT (primary nucleation thr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2015-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Chemical Engineering |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/560930 |
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| author | Abdur Rashid Edward T. White Tony Howes James D. Litster Ivan Marziano |
| author_facet | Abdur Rashid Edward T. White Tony Howes James D. Litster Ivan Marziano |
| author_sort | Abdur Rashid |
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| description | To investigate the crystallization of ibuprofen [((RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) propanoic acid)] from ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures it is necessary to know the nucleation limits of its solutions. In the absence of crystals, nucleation will seldom occur below the PNT (primary nucleation threshold). If crystals are present, nucleation will seldom occur until below the lower SNT (secondary nucleation threshold). Below the SNT, crystals will still grow with negligible nucleation. PNT and SNT values (expressed as relative supersaturation σ) have been measured at 10, 25, and 40°C for ibuprofen in ethanol and in a range of mixtures of different ethanol (E)/water (W) ratios. The induction times were determined from observing the times to nucleate for a range of different supersaturated solutions at a given temperature and E/W ratio. As expected, lowering the supersaturation leads to longer induction times. In ethanol, the SNT values are small and thus the secondary metastable zone width (MSZW) is relatively narrow with a 1 h SNT relative supersaturation typically about σ ~ 0.05. The 1 h PNT values are much larger with values for σ around 0.3. In aqueous ethanolic mixtures at 25°C, both the PNT and SNT decrease as the water content increases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-995e32b6e7d74161ad4cd42bc29508f7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1687-806X 1687-8078 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2015-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | International Journal of Chemical Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-995e32b6e7d74161ad4cd42bc29508f72025-08-20T03:37:03ZengWileyInternational Journal of Chemical Engineering1687-806X1687-80782015-01-01201510.1155/2015/560930560930The Metastability and Nucleation Thresholds of Ibuprofen in Ethanol and Water-Ethanol MixturesAbdur Rashid0Edward T. White1Tony Howes2James D. Litster3Ivan Marziano4Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, Buraidah Private Colleges, Al-Qassim 31717, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100, USAChemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UKTo investigate the crystallization of ibuprofen [((RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) propanoic acid)] from ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures it is necessary to know the nucleation limits of its solutions. In the absence of crystals, nucleation will seldom occur below the PNT (primary nucleation threshold). If crystals are present, nucleation will seldom occur until below the lower SNT (secondary nucleation threshold). Below the SNT, crystals will still grow with negligible nucleation. PNT and SNT values (expressed as relative supersaturation σ) have been measured at 10, 25, and 40°C for ibuprofen in ethanol and in a range of mixtures of different ethanol (E)/water (W) ratios. The induction times were determined from observing the times to nucleate for a range of different supersaturated solutions at a given temperature and E/W ratio. As expected, lowering the supersaturation leads to longer induction times. In ethanol, the SNT values are small and thus the secondary metastable zone width (MSZW) is relatively narrow with a 1 h SNT relative supersaturation typically about σ ~ 0.05. The 1 h PNT values are much larger with values for σ around 0.3. In aqueous ethanolic mixtures at 25°C, both the PNT and SNT decrease as the water content increases.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/560930 |
| spellingShingle | Abdur Rashid Edward T. White Tony Howes James D. Litster Ivan Marziano The Metastability and Nucleation Thresholds of Ibuprofen in Ethanol and Water-Ethanol Mixtures International Journal of Chemical Engineering |
| title | The Metastability and Nucleation Thresholds of Ibuprofen in Ethanol and Water-Ethanol Mixtures |
| title_full | The Metastability and Nucleation Thresholds of Ibuprofen in Ethanol and Water-Ethanol Mixtures |
| title_fullStr | The Metastability and Nucleation Thresholds of Ibuprofen in Ethanol and Water-Ethanol Mixtures |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Metastability and Nucleation Thresholds of Ibuprofen in Ethanol and Water-Ethanol Mixtures |
| title_short | The Metastability and Nucleation Thresholds of Ibuprofen in Ethanol and Water-Ethanol Mixtures |
| title_sort | metastability and nucleation thresholds of ibuprofen in ethanol and water ethanol mixtures |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/560930 |
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