Antibody-drug conjugates as game changers in bladder cancer: current progress and future directions

IntroductionAntibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a transformative therapeutic modality in oncology, offering unprecedented precision in targeting tumor cells while sparing healthy tissues. In bladder cancer, a malignancy with high recurrence rates and limited treatment options, ADCs have...

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Main Authors: Fei Zhang, Sheng Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-05-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1591191/full
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author Fei Zhang
Sheng Li
author_facet Fei Zhang
Sheng Li
author_sort Fei Zhang
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionAntibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a transformative therapeutic modality in oncology, offering unprecedented precision in targeting tumor cells while sparing healthy tissues. In bladder cancer, a malignancy with high recurrence rates and limited treatment options, ADCs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy by targeting specific tumor-associated antigens such as NECTIN-4 and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2). This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current landscape of ADC-based therapies for bladder cancer, focusing on their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles.MethodsWe systematically analyze 232 clinical trials from 2004 to 2025, revealing a significant upward trend in ADC research, particularly following the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) accelerated approval of Enfortumab vedotin in 2019. ResultsOur findings highlight the predominance of HER2, NECTIN4, and PD-1 as the most extensively studied molecular targets, with a growing interest in combining ADCs with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Geographically, the United States and China lead in ADC clinical trials, reflecting robust research investment and infrastructure. Discussionespite the promising advancements, challenges such as toxicity management, patient stratification, and trial design remain critical. This review underscores the importance of continued innovation in ADC technology and personalized approaches to overcome these limitations, ultimately paving the way for more effective and safer treatment options for bladder cancer patients. The future of ADC therapy in bladder cancer is bright, with immense potential to revolutionize the standard of care and improve patient outcomes globally.
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spelling doaj-art-98f3f782adf14253aa4e4c20092e88b32025-08-20T03:52:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-05-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.15911911591191Antibody-drug conjugates as game changers in bladder cancer: current progress and future directionsFei Zhang0Sheng Li1Department of Urology Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaDepartment of Anorectal Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaIntroductionAntibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a transformative therapeutic modality in oncology, offering unprecedented precision in targeting tumor cells while sparing healthy tissues. In bladder cancer, a malignancy with high recurrence rates and limited treatment options, ADCs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy by targeting specific tumor-associated antigens such as NECTIN-4 and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2). This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current landscape of ADC-based therapies for bladder cancer, focusing on their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles.MethodsWe systematically analyze 232 clinical trials from 2004 to 2025, revealing a significant upward trend in ADC research, particularly following the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) accelerated approval of Enfortumab vedotin in 2019. ResultsOur findings highlight the predominance of HER2, NECTIN4, and PD-1 as the most extensively studied molecular targets, with a growing interest in combining ADCs with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Geographically, the United States and China lead in ADC clinical trials, reflecting robust research investment and infrastructure. Discussionespite the promising advancements, challenges such as toxicity management, patient stratification, and trial design remain critical. This review underscores the importance of continued innovation in ADC technology and personalized approaches to overcome these limitations, ultimately paving the way for more effective and safer treatment options for bladder cancer patients. The future of ADC therapy in bladder cancer is bright, with immense potential to revolutionize the standard of care and improve patient outcomes globally.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1591191/fullantibody-drug conjugates (ADC)sbladder cancerclinical trialcurrent landscapepharma intelligence database
spellingShingle Fei Zhang
Sheng Li
Antibody-drug conjugates as game changers in bladder cancer: current progress and future directions
Frontiers in Immunology
antibody-drug conjugates (ADC)s
bladder cancer
clinical trial
current landscape
pharma intelligence database
title Antibody-drug conjugates as game changers in bladder cancer: current progress and future directions
title_full Antibody-drug conjugates as game changers in bladder cancer: current progress and future directions
title_fullStr Antibody-drug conjugates as game changers in bladder cancer: current progress and future directions
title_full_unstemmed Antibody-drug conjugates as game changers in bladder cancer: current progress and future directions
title_short Antibody-drug conjugates as game changers in bladder cancer: current progress and future directions
title_sort antibody drug conjugates as game changers in bladder cancer current progress and future directions
topic antibody-drug conjugates (ADC)s
bladder cancer
clinical trial
current landscape
pharma intelligence database
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1591191/full
work_keys_str_mv AT feizhang antibodydrugconjugatesasgamechangersinbladdercancercurrentprogressandfuturedirections
AT shengli antibodydrugconjugatesasgamechangersinbladdercancercurrentprogressandfuturedirections