Growth, Development and Reproduction of Meadow Moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> Fed on Pea Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub>
To comprehensively investigate the impacts of increased atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations on the growth, development and reproduction of the meadow moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> when fed on pea plants (<i>Pisum sativum</i>), in this experiment, we simu...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Jingxian Zhou Zun Xu Zuoheng Yu Huirong Mai Jiacheng Huang Xiaoli Chang Fajun Chen |
| author_facet | Jingxian Zhou Zun Xu Zuoheng Yu Huirong Mai Jiacheng Huang Xiaoli Chang Fajun Chen |
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| description | To comprehensively investigate the impacts of increased atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations on the growth, development and reproduction of the meadow moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> when fed on pea plants (<i>Pisum sativum</i>), in this experiment, we simulated the two CO<sub>2</sub> conditions: ambient CO<sub>2</sub> (i.e., 400 μL/L designated as aCO<sub>2</sub>) and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (i.e., 800 μL/L designated as eCO<sub>2</sub>) by using light-CO<sub>2</sub> climate chambers. Subsequently, the changes in several key nutrients and defensive compounds present in pea seedlings were assessed. Moreover, we assessed the growth, development, reproduction and changes in the nutritional components and enzyme activities of <i>L. sticticalis</i> as they fed on pea seedlings grown under aCO<sub>2</sub> and eCO<sub>2</sub>. The results showed that the CO<sub>2</sub> level significantly affected the measured indexes of pea seedlings and <i>L. sticticalis</i>. Host pea seedlings grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> exhibited significant increases in soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein (SP) and total amino acid (TAA) contents by 42.52%, 77.06% and 62.50%, respectively, relative to those grown under aCO<sub>2</sub>. In addition, total phenol (TP), ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) contents grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> increased significantly by 20.60%, 71.72% and 36.22%, respectively, under eCO<sub>2</sub> compared to aCO<sub>2</sub>. Furthermore, the duration of egg, larva and pupa of <i>L. sticticalis</i> was significantly shortened by 16.63%, 10.66% and 10.12%, respectively, while the adult longevity was significantly prolonged by 19.07% after feeding on pea seedlings grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> in contrast to aCO<sub>2</sub>. Furthermore, for <i>L. sticticalis</i>, the content of SS, SP, TAA and free fatty acid was significantly increased, by 60.02%, 77.06%, 91.67% and 27.19%, respectively. Moreover, the enzyme activity of CAT, POD, CarE and GST was also enhanced by 56.70%, 63.89%, 128.08% and 93.45%, respectively, as they fed on pea seedlings grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> in contrast to aCO<sub>2</sub>. The findings of our study revealed that eCO<sub>2</sub> not only improved the nutritional quality but also altered the defensive compounds in the seedlings, which in turn affected the growth, development, reproduction and changes in the physiology of <i>L. sticticalis</i>. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-98abb77885fd4665802b838309d1bf0e2025-01-24T13:16:25ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952024-12-011513010.3390/agronomy15010030Growth, Development and Reproduction of Meadow Moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> Fed on Pea Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub>Jingxian Zhou0Zun Xu1Zuoheng Yu2Huirong Mai3Jiacheng Huang4Xiaoli Chang5Fajun Chen6Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, ChinaDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, ChinaDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, ChinaDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, ChinaDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, ChinaShanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-Carbon Agriculture, Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaDepartment of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, ChinaTo comprehensively investigate the impacts of increased atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations on the growth, development and reproduction of the meadow moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> when fed on pea plants (<i>Pisum sativum</i>), in this experiment, we simulated the two CO<sub>2</sub> conditions: ambient CO<sub>2</sub> (i.e., 400 μL/L designated as aCO<sub>2</sub>) and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (i.e., 800 μL/L designated as eCO<sub>2</sub>) by using light-CO<sub>2</sub> climate chambers. Subsequently, the changes in several key nutrients and defensive compounds present in pea seedlings were assessed. Moreover, we assessed the growth, development, reproduction and changes in the nutritional components and enzyme activities of <i>L. sticticalis</i> as they fed on pea seedlings grown under aCO<sub>2</sub> and eCO<sub>2</sub>. The results showed that the CO<sub>2</sub> level significantly affected the measured indexes of pea seedlings and <i>L. sticticalis</i>. Host pea seedlings grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> exhibited significant increases in soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein (SP) and total amino acid (TAA) contents by 42.52%, 77.06% and 62.50%, respectively, relative to those grown under aCO<sub>2</sub>. In addition, total phenol (TP), ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) contents grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> increased significantly by 20.60%, 71.72% and 36.22%, respectively, under eCO<sub>2</sub> compared to aCO<sub>2</sub>. Furthermore, the duration of egg, larva and pupa of <i>L. sticticalis</i> was significantly shortened by 16.63%, 10.66% and 10.12%, respectively, while the adult longevity was significantly prolonged by 19.07% after feeding on pea seedlings grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> in contrast to aCO<sub>2</sub>. Furthermore, for <i>L. sticticalis</i>, the content of SS, SP, TAA and free fatty acid was significantly increased, by 60.02%, 77.06%, 91.67% and 27.19%, respectively. Moreover, the enzyme activity of CAT, POD, CarE and GST was also enhanced by 56.70%, 63.89%, 128.08% and 93.45%, respectively, as they fed on pea seedlings grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> in contrast to aCO<sub>2</sub>. The findings of our study revealed that eCO<sub>2</sub> not only improved the nutritional quality but also altered the defensive compounds in the seedlings, which in turn affected the growth, development, reproduction and changes in the physiology of <i>L. sticticalis</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/30elevated CO<sub>2</sub><i>Loxostege sticticalis</i>peaplant–insect interactioninsect physiologyclimate change |
| spellingShingle | Jingxian Zhou Zun Xu Zuoheng Yu Huirong Mai Jiacheng Huang Xiaoli Chang Fajun Chen Growth, Development and Reproduction of Meadow Moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> Fed on Pea Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> Agronomy elevated CO<sub>2</sub> <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> pea plant–insect interaction insect physiology climate change |
| title | Growth, Development and Reproduction of Meadow Moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> Fed on Pea Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> |
| title_full | Growth, Development and Reproduction of Meadow Moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> Fed on Pea Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> |
| title_fullStr | Growth, Development and Reproduction of Meadow Moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> Fed on Pea Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Growth, Development and Reproduction of Meadow Moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> Fed on Pea Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> |
| title_short | Growth, Development and Reproduction of Meadow Moth <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> Fed on Pea Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> |
| title_sort | growth development and reproduction of meadow moth i loxostege sticticalis i fed on pea seedlings grown under elevated co sub 2 sub |
| topic | elevated CO<sub>2</sub> <i>Loxostege sticticalis</i> pea plant–insect interaction insect physiology climate change |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/30 |
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