Organic–Inorganic Fertilization Sustains Crop Yields While Mitigating N<sub>2</sub>O and NO Emissions in Subtropical Wheat–Maize Systems

Organic–Inorganic Fertilization Sustains Crop Yields While Mitigating N<sub>2</sub>O and NO Emissions in Subtropical Wheat–Maize Systems

Balancing food security with fertilizer-driven climate impacts remains critical in intensive agriculture. While organic–inorganic substitution enhances soil fertility, its effects on nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions remain uncertain. This study evaluated N&l...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yan Liu, Lei Hu, Shihang Zhang, Zhisheng Yao, Minghua Zhou, Bo Zhu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Agriculture
Subjects:
nitrogen use efficiency
crop residue substitution
soil nitrogen surplus
subtropical agroecosystems
revised “hole-in-the-pipe” model
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/10/1108
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Summary:Balancing food security with fertilizer-driven climate impacts remains critical in intensive agriculture. While organic–inorganic substitution enhances soil fertility, its effects on nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions remain uncertain. This study evaluated N<sub>2</sub>O/NO emissions, crop yields, and agronomic parameters in a subtropical wheat–maize rotation under four fertilization regimes: inorganic-only (NPK), manure-only (OM), and partial substitution with crop residues (CRNPK, 15%) or manure (OMNPK, 30%), all applied at 280 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>. Emissions aligned with the dual Arrhenius–Michaelis–Menten kinetics and revised “hole-in-the-pipe” model. Annual direct emission factors (EF<sub>d</sub>) for N<sub>2</sub>O and NO were 1.01% and 0.11%, respectively, with combined emissions (1.12%) exponentially correlated to soil nitrogen surplus (<i>p</i> < 0.01). CRNPK and OMNPK reduced annual N<sub>2</sub>O+NO emissions by 15–154% and enhanced NUE by 10–45% compared with OM, though OMNPK emitted 1.7–2.0 times more N<sub>2</sub>O/NO than CRNPK. Sole OM underperformed in yield, while partial substitution—particularly with crop residues—optimized productivity while minimizing environmental risks. By integrating emission modeling and agronomic performance, this study establishes CRNPK as a novel strategy for subtropical cereal systems, reconciling high yields with low greenhouse gas emissions.
ISSN:2077-0472

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