Detection of Lunar Regolith Acquired by Excavator Using Radiofrequency (RF) Sensors

This paper presents the concept of a radiofrequency (RF) sensor designed to estimate the mass of the regolith acquired by a sampling device or excavator in planetary environments. The sensor utilizes a microstrip line with an open end as the sensing element, with the mass estimation based on measure...

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Main Authors: Krzysztof Kurek, Karol Seweryn, Arkadiusz Tkacz, Gunter Just
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Sensors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/3/751
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author Krzysztof Kurek
Karol Seweryn
Arkadiusz Tkacz
Gunter Just
author_facet Krzysztof Kurek
Karol Seweryn
Arkadiusz Tkacz
Gunter Just
author_sort Krzysztof Kurek
collection DOAJ
description This paper presents the concept of a radiofrequency (RF) sensor designed to estimate the mass of the regolith acquired by a sampling device or excavator in planetary environments. The sensor utilizes a microstrip line with an open end as the sensing element, with the mass estimation based on measurements of the phase of the reflection coefficient (S11 of the scattering matrix) for the line immersed in the regolith. The Rotary Clamshell Excavator (RCE) was employed for the experimental evaluation of the sensor’s performance. The RCE successfully passed an environmental test campaign, demonstrating its suitability for future lunar missions. The test results indicate that the RF sensor can estimate the mass of the acquired regolith with reasonable accuracy, approximately 15%, making it a viable solution for rough mass estimation in sampling devices and excavators.
format Article
id doaj-art-97c7fbd2ecaf4eeebfb7525043ee7489
institution OA Journals
issn 1424-8220
language English
publishDate 2025-01-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Sensors
spelling doaj-art-97c7fbd2ecaf4eeebfb7525043ee74892025-08-20T02:12:30ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-01-0125375110.3390/s25030751Detection of Lunar Regolith Acquired by Excavator Using Radiofrequency (RF) SensorsKrzysztof Kurek0Karol Seweryn1Arkadiusz Tkacz2Gunter Just3Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, PolandSpace Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716 Warsaw, PolandSpace Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716 Warsaw, PolandRobotics Section, ESTEC, European Space Agency (ESA), 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsThis paper presents the concept of a radiofrequency (RF) sensor designed to estimate the mass of the regolith acquired by a sampling device or excavator in planetary environments. The sensor utilizes a microstrip line with an open end as the sensing element, with the mass estimation based on measurements of the phase of the reflection coefficient (S11 of the scattering matrix) for the line immersed in the regolith. The Rotary Clamshell Excavator (RCE) was employed for the experimental evaluation of the sensor’s performance. The RCE successfully passed an environmental test campaign, demonstrating its suitability for future lunar missions. The test results indicate that the RF sensor can estimate the mass of the acquired regolith with reasonable accuracy, approximately 15%, making it a viable solution for rough mass estimation in sampling devices and excavators.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/3/751Moon explorationRF sensorsregolith (soil) mass determinationregolith sampling/acquisition
spellingShingle Krzysztof Kurek
Karol Seweryn
Arkadiusz Tkacz
Gunter Just
Detection of Lunar Regolith Acquired by Excavator Using Radiofrequency (RF) Sensors
Sensors
Moon exploration
RF sensors
regolith (soil) mass determination
regolith sampling/acquisition
title Detection of Lunar Regolith Acquired by Excavator Using Radiofrequency (RF) Sensors
title_full Detection of Lunar Regolith Acquired by Excavator Using Radiofrequency (RF) Sensors
title_fullStr Detection of Lunar Regolith Acquired by Excavator Using Radiofrequency (RF) Sensors
title_full_unstemmed Detection of Lunar Regolith Acquired by Excavator Using Radiofrequency (RF) Sensors
title_short Detection of Lunar Regolith Acquired by Excavator Using Radiofrequency (RF) Sensors
title_sort detection of lunar regolith acquired by excavator using radiofrequency rf sensors
topic Moon exploration
RF sensors
regolith (soil) mass determination
regolith sampling/acquisition
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/3/751
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AT karolseweryn detectionoflunarregolithacquiredbyexcavatorusingradiofrequencyrfsensors
AT arkadiusztkacz detectionoflunarregolithacquiredbyexcavatorusingradiofrequencyrfsensors
AT gunterjust detectionoflunarregolithacquiredbyexcavatorusingradiofrequencyrfsensors