Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia Patients

Yueting Chen,1,* Zuo-Jing Zhang,2,* Xiao-Feng Zhang,2 Yuan Peng,2 Zheng Jiao,1,* Jing-Xiang Wu2,* 1Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of A...

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Main Authors: Chen Y, Zhang ZJ, Zhang XF, Peng Y, Jiao Z, Wu JX
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Dove Medical Press 2025-06-01
Series:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
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Online Access:https://www.dovepress.com/model-informed-precision-dosing-of-remimazolam-in-general-anesthesia-p-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DDDT
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author Chen Y
Zhang ZJ
Zhang XF
Peng Y
Jiao Z
Wu JX
author_facet Chen Y
Zhang ZJ
Zhang XF
Peng Y
Jiao Z
Wu JX
author_sort Chen Y
collection DOAJ
description Yueting Chen,1,* Zuo-Jing Zhang,2,* Xiao-Feng Zhang,2 Yuan Peng,2 Zheng Jiao,1,* Jing-Xiang Wu2,* 1Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zheng Jiao, Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China, Email jiaozhen@online.sh.cn Jing-Xiang Wu, Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 021-22200000-3302, Fax +86 021-32260806, Email wjx1132@163.comPurpose: This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of remimazolam in patients under general anesthesia using a population analysis and to develop a web-based dashboard tool that directly displays the optimal dosing regimen for general anesthesia.Patients and Methods: A total of 20 patients received remimazolam for general anesthesia, during which intensive arterial blood samples and bispectral index (BIS) values were collected. A population PK/PD model was established, and goodness-of-fit and visual predictive check plots were utilized to evaluate the model’s accuracy. Additionally, RxODE and Shiny in R were used to design a web-based dashboard tool to recommend optimal dosing regimens.Results: The three-compartment model with first elimination best described the PK profiles of remimazolam. PK parameters were weight-adjusted via allometric scaling. The correlation between drug exposure and the BIS was optimally characterized through an effect compartment model employing an inhibitory sigmoid Emax model. In addition, a web-based dashboard tool was created to offer initial personalized dosing strategies for general anesthesia procedures, enhanced by graphical representations of the PK/PD profiles associated with the recommended dosing regimens.Conclusion: The developed population PK/PD model effectively captured the dose-exposure-response relationship for remimazolam, allowing for the optimization of personalized dosing strategies.Keywords: general anesthesia, monte carlo simulation, optimized dosing regimens, population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics models, remimazolam, web-based dashboard
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spelling doaj-art-97c1aa6ca622479db79fea40adb326fe2025-08-20T03:29:52ZengDove Medical PressDrug Design, Development and Therapy1177-88812025-06-01Volume 19Issue 150995109103924Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia PatientsChen Y0Zhang ZJ1Zhang XFPeng YJiao Z2Wu JX3Department of PharmacyanesthesiologyPharmacy DepartmentAnesthesiologyYueting Chen,1,* Zuo-Jing Zhang,2,* Xiao-Feng Zhang,2 Yuan Peng,2 Zheng Jiao,1,* Jing-Xiang Wu2,* 1Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zheng Jiao, Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China, Email jiaozhen@online.sh.cn Jing-Xiang Wu, Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 021-22200000-3302, Fax +86 021-32260806, Email wjx1132@163.comPurpose: This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of remimazolam in patients under general anesthesia using a population analysis and to develop a web-based dashboard tool that directly displays the optimal dosing regimen for general anesthesia.Patients and Methods: A total of 20 patients received remimazolam for general anesthesia, during which intensive arterial blood samples and bispectral index (BIS) values were collected. A population PK/PD model was established, and goodness-of-fit and visual predictive check plots were utilized to evaluate the model’s accuracy. Additionally, RxODE and Shiny in R were used to design a web-based dashboard tool to recommend optimal dosing regimens.Results: The three-compartment model with first elimination best described the PK profiles of remimazolam. PK parameters were weight-adjusted via allometric scaling. The correlation between drug exposure and the BIS was optimally characterized through an effect compartment model employing an inhibitory sigmoid Emax model. In addition, a web-based dashboard tool was created to offer initial personalized dosing strategies for general anesthesia procedures, enhanced by graphical representations of the PK/PD profiles associated with the recommended dosing regimens.Conclusion: The developed population PK/PD model effectively captured the dose-exposure-response relationship for remimazolam, allowing for the optimization of personalized dosing strategies.Keywords: general anesthesia, monte carlo simulation, optimized dosing regimens, population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics models, remimazolam, web-based dashboardhttps://www.dovepress.com/model-informed-precision-dosing-of-remimazolam-in-general-anesthesia-p-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DDDTGeneral AnesthesiaMonte Carlo simulationOptimized Dosing RegimensPopulation Pharmacokinetics / Pharmacodynamics modelsRemimazolamWeb-based Dashboard
spellingShingle Chen Y
Zhang ZJ
Zhang XF
Peng Y
Jiao Z
Wu JX
Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia Patients
Drug Design, Development and Therapy
General Anesthesia
Monte Carlo simulation
Optimized Dosing Regimens
Population Pharmacokinetics / Pharmacodynamics models
Remimazolam
Web-based Dashboard
title Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia Patients
title_full Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia Patients
title_fullStr Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia Patients
title_full_unstemmed Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia Patients
title_short Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia Patients
title_sort model informed precision dosing of remimazolam in general anesthesia patients
topic General Anesthesia
Monte Carlo simulation
Optimized Dosing Regimens
Population Pharmacokinetics / Pharmacodynamics models
Remimazolam
Web-based Dashboard
url https://www.dovepress.com/model-informed-precision-dosing-of-remimazolam-in-general-anesthesia-p-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DDDT
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