Manganese Neurotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Inherited and Acquired Disorders
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element and a cofactor for several key enzymes, such as mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Consequently, it plays an important defense role against reactive oxygen species. Despite this, Mn chronic overexposure can result in a neurological disorder referred to a...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-04-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Xenobiotics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/15/2/54 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850180121860767744 |
|---|---|
| author | Giuseppe Magro Vincenzo Laterza Federico Tosto Angelo Torrente |
| author_facet | Giuseppe Magro Vincenzo Laterza Federico Tosto Angelo Torrente |
| author_sort | Giuseppe Magro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element and a cofactor for several key enzymes, such as mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Consequently, it plays an important defense role against reactive oxygen species. Despite this, Mn chronic overexposure can result in a neurological disorder referred to as manganism, which shares some similarities with Parkinson’s disease. Mn levels seem regulated by many transporters responsible for its uptake and efflux. These transporters play an established role in many inherited disorders of Mn metabolism and neurotoxicity. Some inherited Mn metabolism disorders, caused by mutations of SLC30A10 and SLC39A14, assume crucial importance since earlier treatment results in a better prognosis. Physicians should be familiar with the clinical presentation of these disorders as the underlying cause of dystonia/parkinsonism and look for other accompanying features, such as liver disease and polycythemia, which are typically associated with SLC30A10 mutations. This review aims to highlight the currently known Mn transporters, Mn-related neurotoxicity, and its consequences, and it provides an overview of inherited and acquired disorders of Mn metabolism. Currently available treatments are also discussed, focusing on the most frequently encountered presentations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-97aa895c41de4bcbbc4b68ef6ed8a0f6 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2039-4705 2039-4713 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Xenobiotics |
| spelling | doaj-art-97aa895c41de4bcbbc4b68ef6ed8a0f62025-08-20T02:18:19ZengMDPI AGJournal of Xenobiotics2039-47052039-47132025-04-011525410.3390/jox15020054Manganese Neurotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Inherited and Acquired DisordersGiuseppe Magro0Vincenzo Laterza1Federico Tosto2Angelo Torrente3Department of Neuroscience, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, Lamezia Terme, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Neuroscience, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, Lamezia Terme, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, ItalyManganese (Mn) is an essential trace element and a cofactor for several key enzymes, such as mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Consequently, it plays an important defense role against reactive oxygen species. Despite this, Mn chronic overexposure can result in a neurological disorder referred to as manganism, which shares some similarities with Parkinson’s disease. Mn levels seem regulated by many transporters responsible for its uptake and efflux. These transporters play an established role in many inherited disorders of Mn metabolism and neurotoxicity. Some inherited Mn metabolism disorders, caused by mutations of SLC30A10 and SLC39A14, assume crucial importance since earlier treatment results in a better prognosis. Physicians should be familiar with the clinical presentation of these disorders as the underlying cause of dystonia/parkinsonism and look for other accompanying features, such as liver disease and polycythemia, which are typically associated with SLC30A10 mutations. This review aims to highlight the currently known Mn transporters, Mn-related neurotoxicity, and its consequences, and it provides an overview of inherited and acquired disorders of Mn metabolism. Currently available treatments are also discussed, focusing on the most frequently encountered presentations.https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/15/2/54manganesehypomanganesemiahypermanganesemiamanganese neurotoxicitymanganese exposed workersmanganism |
| spellingShingle | Giuseppe Magro Vincenzo Laterza Federico Tosto Angelo Torrente Manganese Neurotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Inherited and Acquired Disorders Journal of Xenobiotics manganese hypomanganesemia hypermanganesemia manganese neurotoxicity manganese exposed workers manganism |
| title | Manganese Neurotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Inherited and Acquired Disorders |
| title_full | Manganese Neurotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Inherited and Acquired Disorders |
| title_fullStr | Manganese Neurotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Inherited and Acquired Disorders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Manganese Neurotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Inherited and Acquired Disorders |
| title_short | Manganese Neurotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Inherited and Acquired Disorders |
| title_sort | manganese neurotoxicity a comprehensive review of pathophysiology and inherited and acquired disorders |
| topic | manganese hypomanganesemia hypermanganesemia manganese neurotoxicity manganese exposed workers manganism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/15/2/54 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT giuseppemagro manganeseneurotoxicityacomprehensivereviewofpathophysiologyandinheritedandacquireddisorders AT vincenzolaterza manganeseneurotoxicityacomprehensivereviewofpathophysiologyandinheritedandacquireddisorders AT federicotosto manganeseneurotoxicityacomprehensivereviewofpathophysiologyandinheritedandacquireddisorders AT angelotorrente manganeseneurotoxicityacomprehensivereviewofpathophysiologyandinheritedandacquireddisorders |