Schaftoside contributed to anti-inflammatory activity of Clinacanthus nutans extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells
IntroductionClinacanthus nutans: a plant listed in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia, is well recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Among its known bioactive constituents, schaftoside has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects i...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-06-01
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| author | Saruda Thongyim Saruda Thongyim Saruda Thongyim Saruda Thongyim Pachara Sattayawat Pachara Sattayawat Wittaya Pongamornkul Siriphorn Jangsutthivorawat Yingmanee Tragoolpua Yingmanee Tragoolpua Yingmanee Tragoolpua Aussara Panya Aussara Panya Aussara Panya |
| author_facet | Saruda Thongyim Saruda Thongyim Saruda Thongyim Saruda Thongyim Pachara Sattayawat Pachara Sattayawat Wittaya Pongamornkul Siriphorn Jangsutthivorawat Yingmanee Tragoolpua Yingmanee Tragoolpua Yingmanee Tragoolpua Aussara Panya Aussara Panya Aussara Panya |
| author_sort | Saruda Thongyim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionClinacanthus nutans: a plant listed in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia, is well recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Among its known bioactive constituents, schaftoside has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in various disease models. However, comparative studies between pure schaftoside and C. nutans crude extracts, as well as comprehensive investigations into the underlying mechanisms of action, remain limited. Moreover, the relationship between the quantity and diversity of bioactive compounds and their corresponding anti-inflammatory activity which could serve as potential quality biomarkers has not been fully elucidated.MethodsIn this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of schaftoside and evaluated its content in C. nutans ethanolic extracts collected from ten geographically distinct regions of Thailand. First, the anti-inflammatory activity of schaftoside was assessed in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Subsequently, ten C. nutans ethanolic extracts were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in the same cell model. To further explore the potential contribution of schaftoside and other bioactive compounds to anti-inflammatory activity, molecular docking analysis was performed.Results and DiscussionAt a concentration of 40 μM, schaftoside significantly downregulated the expression of key inflammation-related genes, including iNOS, COX2, PGE2, PGE4, TNF-α, and IL6. All extracts demonstrated a consistent trend of reducing iNOS protein expression, which was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production, indicating their potential anti-inflammatory properties. However, no significant correlation was observed between schaftoside content and the magnitude of anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that schaftoside may not be the sole active compound responsible for the observed effects. The results of molecular docking analysis revealed that, in addition to schaftoside, other flavonoids such as isoorientin and isovitexin also exhibited binding affinity toward the iNOS protein, indicating that these compounds may contribute to the overall anti-inflammatory activity of C. nutans extracts. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1663-9812 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-97a94b4a21fa4f929f4dfb071c291d892025-08-20T02:35:01ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pharmacology1663-98122025-06-011610.3389/fphar.2025.15846201584620Schaftoside contributed to anti-inflammatory activity of Clinacanthus nutans extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cellsSaruda Thongyim0Saruda Thongyim1Saruda Thongyim2Saruda Thongyim3Pachara Sattayawat4Pachara Sattayawat5Wittaya Pongamornkul6Siriphorn Jangsutthivorawat7Yingmanee Tragoolpua8Yingmanee Tragoolpua9Yingmanee Tragoolpua10Aussara Panya11Aussara Panya12Aussara Panya13Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandNational Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCell Engineering for Cancer Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCell Engineering for Cancer Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandQueen Sirikit Botanic Garden Organization, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandNational Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCell Engineering for Cancer Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandNational Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCell Engineering for Cancer Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandIntroductionClinacanthus nutans: a plant listed in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia, is well recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Among its known bioactive constituents, schaftoside has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in various disease models. However, comparative studies between pure schaftoside and C. nutans crude extracts, as well as comprehensive investigations into the underlying mechanisms of action, remain limited. Moreover, the relationship between the quantity and diversity of bioactive compounds and their corresponding anti-inflammatory activity which could serve as potential quality biomarkers has not been fully elucidated.MethodsIn this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of schaftoside and evaluated its content in C. nutans ethanolic extracts collected from ten geographically distinct regions of Thailand. First, the anti-inflammatory activity of schaftoside was assessed in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Subsequently, ten C. nutans ethanolic extracts were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in the same cell model. To further explore the potential contribution of schaftoside and other bioactive compounds to anti-inflammatory activity, molecular docking analysis was performed.Results and DiscussionAt a concentration of 40 μM, schaftoside significantly downregulated the expression of key inflammation-related genes, including iNOS, COX2, PGE2, PGE4, TNF-α, and IL6. All extracts demonstrated a consistent trend of reducing iNOS protein expression, which was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production, indicating their potential anti-inflammatory properties. However, no significant correlation was observed between schaftoside content and the magnitude of anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that schaftoside may not be the sole active compound responsible for the observed effects. The results of molecular docking analysis revealed that, in addition to schaftoside, other flavonoids such as isoorientin and isovitexin also exhibited binding affinity toward the iNOS protein, indicating that these compounds may contribute to the overall anti-inflammatory activity of C. nutans extracts.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1584620/fullinflammationClinacanthus nutansHerb extractschaftosideRAW 264.7 cells |
| spellingShingle | Saruda Thongyim Saruda Thongyim Saruda Thongyim Saruda Thongyim Pachara Sattayawat Pachara Sattayawat Wittaya Pongamornkul Siriphorn Jangsutthivorawat Yingmanee Tragoolpua Yingmanee Tragoolpua Yingmanee Tragoolpua Aussara Panya Aussara Panya Aussara Panya Schaftoside contributed to anti-inflammatory activity of Clinacanthus nutans extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells Frontiers in Pharmacology inflammation Clinacanthus nutans Herb extract schaftoside RAW 264.7 cells |
| title | Schaftoside contributed to anti-inflammatory activity of Clinacanthus nutans extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells |
| title_full | Schaftoside contributed to anti-inflammatory activity of Clinacanthus nutans extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells |
| title_fullStr | Schaftoside contributed to anti-inflammatory activity of Clinacanthus nutans extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Schaftoside contributed to anti-inflammatory activity of Clinacanthus nutans extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells |
| title_short | Schaftoside contributed to anti-inflammatory activity of Clinacanthus nutans extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells |
| title_sort | schaftoside contributed to anti inflammatory activity of clinacanthus nutans extract in lipopolysaccharide induced raw 264 7 cells |
| topic | inflammation Clinacanthus nutans Herb extract schaftoside RAW 264.7 cells |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1584620/full |
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