Effect of cold environments on technical performance and perceived workload and stress during advanced medical procedures: a randomized controlled simulation study
Abstract Background Advanced medical procedures in prehospital settings are often performed in hostile environments, where cold temperatures may impair manual and cognitive performance. Although such procedures are essential in mountain rescue missions, the effects of cold conditions on their execut...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-025-01373-8 |
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| Summary: | Abstract Background Advanced medical procedures in prehospital settings are often performed in hostile environments, where cold temperatures may impair manual and cognitive performance. Although such procedures are essential in mountain rescue missions, the effects of cold conditions on their execution and associated workload and stress are unknown. Objective This randomized controlled simulation study evaluated differences in performance, perceived workload, and stress during the execution of three advanced emergency medical procedures under cold (− 20 °C) versus control (+ 20 °C) ambient temperatures. Additionally, the study examined the influence of operator experience on these outcomes. Methods Thirty-six members of the International Medical Commission for Alpine Rescue participated in a crossover study conducted at the terraXcube environmental simulator in Bolzano, Italy. Participants performed orotracheal intubation via videolaryngoscopy (OTI-VLS), mini-thoracostomy, and front-of-neck airway (FONA) procedures under both temperature conditions. Time to procedure completion, number of attempts, and perceived workload and stress (using the NASA Task Load Index and Visual Analogue Scale) were measured. Operators were categorized into high or low experience groups based on self-reported prior procedure frequency. Results Time to complete the procedures tended to be longer in cold conditions for all procedures, with the largest difference observed for OTI-VLS (14 s, p = 0.076). Success rates exceeded 90% on the first attempt under both conditions. Perceived workload and stress increased significantly in cold environments across all procedures, especially for less experienced participants. Experienced operators completed OTI-VLS and mini-thoracostomy significantly faster and reported lower stress and workload levels compared to their less experienced counterparts. Conclusions While cold environments had low impact on procedural time, they significantly increased perceived workload and stress among rescue personnel. Experience mitigated these effects, emphasizing the importance of tailored training programs to enhance both technical and non-technical skills in challenging conditions. While this study has explored the impact of temperature, it would be valuable to investigate how other environmental factors, such as wind and rain, might affect clinical actions. |
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| ISSN: | 1757-7241 |