Benefits of aldosterone receptor antagonism in chronic kidney disease: the BARACK-D RCT
Background Chronic kidney disease affects around 10% of the global population and is associated with significant risk of progression to end-stage renal disease and vascular events. Aldosterone receptor antagonists such as spironolactone have shown prognostic benefits in patients with heart failure,...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
NIHR Journals Library
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Health Technology Assessment |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3310/PYFT6977 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Summary: | Background Chronic kidney disease affects around 10% of the global population and is associated with significant risk of progression to end-stage renal disease and vascular events. Aldosterone receptor antagonists such as spironolactone have shown prognostic benefits in patients with heart failure, but effects on patients with chronic kidney disease are uncertain. Objectives To determine the effect of low-dose spironolactone on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in people with chronic kidney disease stage 3b. Design Prospective randomised open blinded end-point trial. Settings Three hundred and twenty-nine general practitioner practices throughout the United Kingdom. Participants Patients meeting the criteria for chronic kidney disease stage 3b (estimated glomerular filtration rate 30–44 ml/minute/1.73 m2) according to National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines were recruited. Due to the higher than anticipated measurement error/fluctuations, the eligible range was extended to 30–50 ml/minute/1.73 m2 following the initial recruitment period. Intervention Participants were randomised 1 : 1 to receive either spironolactone 25 mg once daily in addition to standard care, or standard care only. Outcome measures Primary outcome was the first occurring of all-cause mortality, first hospitalisation for heart disease (coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, sudden death, failed sudden death), stroke, heart failure, transient ischaemic attack or peripheral arterial disease, or first occurrence of any condition not listed at baseline. Secondary outcome measures included changes in blood pressure, renal function, B-type natriuretic peptide, incidence of hyperkalaemia and treatment costs and benefits. Results One thousand four hundred and thirty-four participants were randomised of the 3022 planned. We found no evidence of differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of effectiveness with the primary combined vascular end points, nor with the secondary clinical outcomes, including progression in renal decline. These results were similar for the total treatment periods or a 3-year follow-up period as originally planned. More adverse events were experienced and more participants discontinued treatment in the intervention group. Two-thirds of participants randomised to spironolactone stopped treatment within six months because they met pre-specified safety stop criteria. The addition of low-dose spironolactone was estimated to have a cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained value above the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’s threshold of £30,000. Limitations Main limitations were difficulties in recruiting eligible participants resulting in an underpowered trial with poor ethnic diversity taking twice as long as planned to complete. We have explored the data in secondary analyses that indicate that, despite these difficulties, the findings were reliable. Conclusions The benefits of aldosterone receptor antagonism in chronic kidney disease trial found no evidence to support adding low-dose spironolactone (25 mg daily) in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3b: there were no changes to cardiovascular events during the trial follow-up, either for the combined primary or individual components. There was also no evidence of benefit observed in rates of renal function decline over the trial, but much higher initial creatinine rise and estimated glomerular filtration rate decline, and to a higher percentage rate, in the intervention arm in the first few weeks of spironolactone treatment, which resulted in a high proportion of participants discontinuing spironolactone treatment at an early stage. These higher rates of negative renal change reduced in scale over the study but did not equalise between arms. The addition of 25 mg of spironolactone therefore provided no reno- or cardio-protection and was associated with an increase in adverse events. Future work These findings might not be applicable to different mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Study registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN44522369. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 12/01/52) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 29, No. 5. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
Plain language summary What was the problem? Chronic kidney disease describes a long-term reduction in kidney function due to any cause. Chronic kidney disease is divided into five stages of severity, with stage 5 being the most severe. These stages are determined by a kidney function blood test called the estimated glomerular filtration rate and/or the amount of protein in the urine. Chronic kidney disease affects around 10% of people in the United Kingdom and is more common with increasing age and in people with other illnesses, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and underlying primary kidney disease. People with chronic kidney disease are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke), including heart failure and sudden cardiac death. However, conventional treatments for cardiovascular disease have had disappointing results in people with chronic kidney disease. There are also limited treatment options to prevent further decline in kidney function. Established drugs called aldosterone receptor antagonists reduce deaths in patients with heart disease and showed promise in small-scale studies. There is also evidence that these drugs may reduce kidney damage attributed to circulating aldosterone. What did we do? In this study, we compared the effect of a low-dose aldosterone receptor antagonist, spironolactone, in people with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease compared to any other routine care to find out if this changed how long people survived, and if they were protected from cardiovascular disease or kidney damage. What did we find? We found no evidence that the addition of low-dose spironolactone improved cardiovascular or renal outcomes over three years and longer of treatment compared to the standard standard of care.
Scientific summary Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of increased mortality and morbidity through increased vascular events and progression to end-stage renal failure (ESRF). These increased events result in CKD having high cost to healthcare systems, with the dialysis required in ESRF benchmarked as at the maximum acceptable cost-effectiveness threshold for an intervention by most healthcare systems. However, the most important component of CKD in terms of mortality and morbidity is cardiovascular disease (CVD). While the cardiovascular risk of end-stage CKD is extreme, in public health terms the burden resides in early-stage (CKD stages 1–3) disease, which is more prevalent, affecting around 40% of those over 70 years. When added to conventional risk factors, renal markers substantially improve risk stratification and CKD is therefore an important and under-recognised risk factor for CVD in the general population. Although the risks of myocardial infarction and other manifestations of coronary artery disease are increased in CKD, the pattern of CVD is atypical, with a much greater incidence of heart failure and sudden cardiac death than in the general CVD population. Few therapies have proved effective in modifying the increased CVD risk or the rate of renal decline in CKD. There are accumulating data that aldosterone receptor antagonists (ARAs) may offer cardio-protection and delay renal impairment in patients with the cardiovascular (CV) phenotype in CKD. The use of ARA in CKD has therefore been increasingly advocated and even termed the ‘renal aspirin’. Prior to the initiation of benefits of aldosterone receptor antagonism in chronic kidney disease (BARACK-D), no large study of ARAs with renal or CVD outcomes was underway. This trial evaluates the benefits of an ARA, spironolactone, in patients with stage 3b CKD. Objectives The primary objective was to determine the effect of aldosterone receptor antagonism with spironolactone on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in people with CKD stage 3b. Secondary objectives included determining the effect on renal function and blood pressure control, cost-effectiveness and the safety of this treatment approach. End points Primary end point The primary outcome was the time from randomisation to the first occurring of all-cause mortality, hospitalisation for heart disease (coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, sudden death, failed sudden death), stroke, heart failure, transient ischaemic attack or peripheral arterial disease, or first onset of any of these conditions in the primary care record if not listed at baseline. Secondary end points Secondary outcome measures included Individual components of the primary outcome, including all-cause mortality, heart disease (coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, sudden death, failed sudden death), stroke, heart failure peripheral artery disease or transient ischaemic attack. Measures of cardiovascular haemodynamics, including changes in blood pressure and prevalence of hypotension. The effect on left ventricular (LV) function, determined by changes in B-type natriuretic peptide. A decline in renal function, measured by changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-creatinine ratio. Safety measures, including incidence of hyperkalaemia. Cost-effectiveness, including changes in health status measured on EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version. Study design and methodology The BARACK-D was a prospective, randomised, open, blinded endpoint (PROBE) trial. 1985 eligible patients, from a minimum of 120 practices, with previously recorded blood test results suggesting CKD stage 3b, were invited to take part in the study and randomised to either spironolactone 25 mg once daily in addition to standard care or standard care alone. Blood pressure in both groups was titrated (monitored and adjusted accordingly) by the clinicians against NICE guideline standards and checks of electrolytes undertaken. Study recruitment was initially much slower than planned because of excessive delays to negotiating appropriate service support costs, and initial concern by practices to engage with the study on the grounds that they would need to subsidise their time. Also, there was refusal to fund the (minimal) excess treatment costs from some clinical commissioning groups (CCGs). While various measures were put in place and recruitment did improve, in March 2018 the decision was taken with the Health Technology Assessment to close the study to recruitment as of July 2018, and to follow up those enrolled for 3 years (as per protocol) then close the trial. In addition to these delays, the number of patients recruited per practice recruitment was lower than expected. Mail-out numbers were less than anticipated, and the response rate to those mail-outs was also low. Results One thousand four hundred and thirty-four participants were randomised of the 3022 we planned. One thousand three hundred and seventy-two (96%) were included in the analysis. Of the participants, 113/677 (16.7%) in the spironolactone arm and 111/695 (16.0%) in the standard care arm had a primary combined vascular event. We found no evidence of differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of effectiveness with the primary outcome [hazard ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval (0.81 to 1.37); p = 0.70], nor with the secondary clinical outcomes, including progression in renal decline. These findings were consistent whether analysing the total treatment periods or a 3-year follow-up period as was originally planned. Adverse events were experienced more often, and participants were more likely to discontinue treatment in the intervention group. Two-thirds of participants randomised to spironolactone discontinued taking treatment within six months, with the most frequenst reasons being a decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate that met pre-specified stop criteria (n = 239, 35.4%), treatment side-effects (n = 128, 18.9%) and hyperkalaemia (n = 54, 8.0%). The addition of low-dose spironolactone was unlikely to be cost-effective Conclusions The BARACK-D trial found no evidence of benefit with the addition of low-dose spironolactone at 25 mg daily in patients with CKD 3b on the high rates of cardiovascular events seen in the trial follow-up, either for the combined primary or for individual components. There was also no benefit observed in rates of renal function decline over the trial with much higher initial creatinine rise and eGFR decline, and to a higher percentage rate, in the first few weeks of spironolactone treatment. These higher rates of negative renal change reduced in scale over the study but did not equalise between arms. The addition of 25 mg of spironolactone therefore provided no reno- or cardio-protection but was associated with more adverse events. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN44522369. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 12/01/52) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 29, No. 5. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. |
|---|---|
| ISSN: | 2046-4924 |