Cacao floral traits are shaped by the interaction of flower position with genotype
Understanding the factors influencing cacao flower morphology and abundance is essential for optimizing productivity. This study investigated the influence of vertical flower position and associated environmental and physiological gradients on these traits across two cacao genotypes, CCN51 and SCA6,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240584402500787X |
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| _version_ | 1823859413179432960 |
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| author | Seunghyun Lim Insuck Baek Seok Min Hong Yoonjung Lee Silvas Kirubakaran Moon S. Kim Lyndel W. Meinhardt Sunchung Park Ezekiel Ahn |
| author_facet | Seunghyun Lim Insuck Baek Seok Min Hong Yoonjung Lee Silvas Kirubakaran Moon S. Kim Lyndel W. Meinhardt Sunchung Park Ezekiel Ahn |
| author_sort | Seunghyun Lim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Understanding the factors influencing cacao flower morphology and abundance is essential for optimizing productivity. This study investigated the influence of vertical flower position and associated environmental and physiological gradients on these traits across two cacao genotypes, CCN51 and SCA6, under controlled greenhouse conditions. We measured flower size (lateral area, length, width, and perimeter), shape, and abundance at different developmental stages and vertical tree heights. Significant variations were observed between genotypes and across vertical positions, highlighting the roles of genetic and environmental factors in cacao reproductive biology. For example, CCN51 exhibited significantly larger flowers, with an average area of 18.63 mm2 compared to 14.88 mm2 for SCA6. Leveraging machine learning techniques, particularly Support Vector Machine, we successfully predicted genotypes based on flower measurements with high accuracy, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87. These findings emphasize the phenotypic diversity of cacao flowers and demonstrate the potential of machine learning in genotype identification, offering valuable insights for breeding and cultivation strategies to enhance cacao productivity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-975319e0e4fc4d61bd8182ac34db7326 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj-art-975319e0e4fc4d61bd8182ac34db73262025-02-11T04:35:14ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402025-02-01114e42407Cacao floral traits are shaped by the interaction of flower position with genotypeSeunghyun Lim0Insuck Baek1Seok Min Hong2Yoonjung Lee3Silvas Kirubakaran4Moon S. Kim5Lyndel W. Meinhardt6Sunchung Park7Ezekiel Ahn8Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USAEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USAEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA; Department of Civil Urban Earth and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USAGrape Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States, Department of Agriculture, Geneva, NY, 14456, USAEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USASustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USASustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USASustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA; Corresponding author.Understanding the factors influencing cacao flower morphology and abundance is essential for optimizing productivity. This study investigated the influence of vertical flower position and associated environmental and physiological gradients on these traits across two cacao genotypes, CCN51 and SCA6, under controlled greenhouse conditions. We measured flower size (lateral area, length, width, and perimeter), shape, and abundance at different developmental stages and vertical tree heights. Significant variations were observed between genotypes and across vertical positions, highlighting the roles of genetic and environmental factors in cacao reproductive biology. For example, CCN51 exhibited significantly larger flowers, with an average area of 18.63 mm2 compared to 14.88 mm2 for SCA6. Leveraging machine learning techniques, particularly Support Vector Machine, we successfully predicted genotypes based on flower measurements with high accuracy, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87. These findings emphasize the phenotypic diversity of cacao flowers and demonstrate the potential of machine learning in genotype identification, offering valuable insights for breeding and cultivation strategies to enhance cacao productivity.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240584402500787XCacaoFlowerMorphologyShapeSizeVertical height |
| spellingShingle | Seunghyun Lim Insuck Baek Seok Min Hong Yoonjung Lee Silvas Kirubakaran Moon S. Kim Lyndel W. Meinhardt Sunchung Park Ezekiel Ahn Cacao floral traits are shaped by the interaction of flower position with genotype Heliyon Cacao Flower Morphology Shape Size Vertical height |
| title | Cacao floral traits are shaped by the interaction of flower position with genotype |
| title_full | Cacao floral traits are shaped by the interaction of flower position with genotype |
| title_fullStr | Cacao floral traits are shaped by the interaction of flower position with genotype |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cacao floral traits are shaped by the interaction of flower position with genotype |
| title_short | Cacao floral traits are shaped by the interaction of flower position with genotype |
| title_sort | cacao floral traits are shaped by the interaction of flower position with genotype |
| topic | Cacao Flower Morphology Shape Size Vertical height |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240584402500787X |
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