Bio-Based Nanomaterials for Groundwater Arsenic Remediation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Arsenic contamination in water poses a significant global health risk, necessitating efficient and sustainable remediation strategies. Arsenic contamination affects groundwater in at least 106 countries, potentially exposing over 200 million people to elevated levels, primarily through contaminated...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/12/933 |
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| author | Md. Mahbubur Rahman Md. Nizam Uddin Md Mahadi Hassan Parvez Md. Abdullah Al Mohotadi Jannatul Ferdush |
| author_facet | Md. Mahbubur Rahman Md. Nizam Uddin Md Mahadi Hassan Parvez Md. Abdullah Al Mohotadi Jannatul Ferdush |
| author_sort | Md. Mahbubur Rahman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Arsenic contamination in water poses a significant global health risk, necessitating efficient and sustainable remediation strategies. Arsenic contamination affects groundwater in at least 106 countries, potentially exposing over 200 million people to elevated levels, primarily through contaminated drinking water. Among the most affected regions, Bangladesh remains a critical case study, where widespread reliance on shallow tubewells has resulted in one of the largest mass poisonings in history. Bio-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising solutions due to their eco-friendly nature, cost-effectiveness, and high adsorption capabilities. These nanomaterials offer a sustainable approach to arsenic remediation, utilizing materials like biochar, modified biopolymers, and bio-based aerogels, which can effectively adsorb arsenic and other pollutants. The use of environmentally friendly nanostructures provides a potential option for improving the efficiency and sustainability of arsenic remediation from groundwater. This review explores the mechanisms underlying arsenic remediation using such nanomaterials, including adsorption, filtration/membrane technology, photocatalysis, redox reactions, complexation, ion exchange, and coagulation–flocculation. Despite their potential, challenges such as scalability, stability, and regeneration hinder widespread application. We discuss recent advancements in material design, surface modifications, and hybrid systems that enhance performance. Finally, future perspectives are highlighted, including the integration of these bio-derived systems with smart sensing technologies, sustainable water-treatment frameworks, smart design, and life-cycle integration strategies, particularly for use in resource-constrained regions like Bangladesh and other globally impacted areas. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9739c3acb3df41739da284f37aef6dde |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj-art-9739c3acb3df41739da284f37aef6dde2025-08-20T02:21:14ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-06-01151293310.3390/nano15120933Bio-Based Nanomaterials for Groundwater Arsenic Remediation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future PerspectivesMd. Mahbubur Rahman0Md. Nizam Uddin1Md Mahadi Hassan Parvez2Md. Abdullah Al Mohotadi3Jannatul Ferdush4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, BangladeshJames C. Morriss Division of Engineering, Texas A & M University-Texarkana, 7101 University Ave., Texarkana, TX 75503, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, BangladeshDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, BangladeshDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, BangladeshArsenic contamination in water poses a significant global health risk, necessitating efficient and sustainable remediation strategies. Arsenic contamination affects groundwater in at least 106 countries, potentially exposing over 200 million people to elevated levels, primarily through contaminated drinking water. Among the most affected regions, Bangladesh remains a critical case study, where widespread reliance on shallow tubewells has resulted in one of the largest mass poisonings in history. Bio-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising solutions due to their eco-friendly nature, cost-effectiveness, and high adsorption capabilities. These nanomaterials offer a sustainable approach to arsenic remediation, utilizing materials like biochar, modified biopolymers, and bio-based aerogels, which can effectively adsorb arsenic and other pollutants. The use of environmentally friendly nanostructures provides a potential option for improving the efficiency and sustainability of arsenic remediation from groundwater. This review explores the mechanisms underlying arsenic remediation using such nanomaterials, including adsorption, filtration/membrane technology, photocatalysis, redox reactions, complexation, ion exchange, and coagulation–flocculation. Despite their potential, challenges such as scalability, stability, and regeneration hinder widespread application. We discuss recent advancements in material design, surface modifications, and hybrid systems that enhance performance. Finally, future perspectives are highlighted, including the integration of these bio-derived systems with smart sensing technologies, sustainable water-treatment frameworks, smart design, and life-cycle integration strategies, particularly for use in resource-constrained regions like Bangladesh and other globally impacted areas.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/12/933groundwaterarsenic remediationhealth hazardbiocharchitosanadsorption |
| spellingShingle | Md. Mahbubur Rahman Md. Nizam Uddin Md Mahadi Hassan Parvez Md. Abdullah Al Mohotadi Jannatul Ferdush Bio-Based Nanomaterials for Groundwater Arsenic Remediation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives Nanomaterials groundwater arsenic remediation health hazard biochar chitosan adsorption |
| title | Bio-Based Nanomaterials for Groundwater Arsenic Remediation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives |
| title_full | Bio-Based Nanomaterials for Groundwater Arsenic Remediation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Bio-Based Nanomaterials for Groundwater Arsenic Remediation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bio-Based Nanomaterials for Groundwater Arsenic Remediation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives |
| title_short | Bio-Based Nanomaterials for Groundwater Arsenic Remediation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives |
| title_sort | bio based nanomaterials for groundwater arsenic remediation mechanisms challenges and future perspectives |
| topic | groundwater arsenic remediation health hazard biochar chitosan adsorption |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/12/933 |
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