Socio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019
Abstract Background Socioeconomic inequality in nutritional status as one of the main social determinants of health can lead to inequality in health outcomes. In the present study, the socioeconomic inequality in the burden of nutritional deficiencies among the countries of the world using Global Bu...
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-00739-z |
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| author | Mohsen Bayati Elham Arkia Mehrnoosh Emadi |
| author_facet | Mohsen Bayati Elham Arkia Mehrnoosh Emadi |
| author_sort | Mohsen Bayati |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Socioeconomic inequality in nutritional status as one of the main social determinants of health can lead to inequality in health outcomes. In the present study, the socioeconomic inequality in the burden of nutritional deficiencies among the countries of the world using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data was investigated. Methods Burden data of nutritional deficiencies and its subsets including protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and dietary iron deficiency form GBD study and Human Development Index (HDI), a proxy for the socio-economic status of countries, from united nations database were collected. After descriptive statistics, the concentration index (CI) curve was used to measure socioeconomic inequality. CI for nutritional deficiencies was estimated based on Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), Years of Life Lost (YLL), prevalence, incidence and death indices. Moreover, CI of DALY and prevalence was estimated and reported for four nutritional deficiencies subgroups. Results CIs for DALY, YLD, YLL, prevalence, incidence and death rate show negative values and their, which indicates the concentration of nutritional deficiencies burden among lower HDI countries. The highest value of CI (lowest inequality) for DALY was related to iodine deficiency (-0.3401) and the lowest (highest inequality) was related to vitamin A deficiency (-0.5884). Also, the highest value of CI for prevalence was related to protein-energy malnutrition (-0.1403) and the lowest was related to vitamin A deficiency (-0.4308). Results also show the inequality in DALY was greater than the disparity in prevalence for all subgroups of nutritional deficiencies. Conclusions Inequality in burden of nutritional deficiencies and protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and dietary iron deficiency are concentrated in countries with low HDI, so there is pro- poor inequality. Findings indicate that although malnutrition occurs more in low-income countries, due to the weakness of health care systems in these countries, the inequality in the final consequences of malnutrition such as DALY becomes much deeper. More attention should be paid to the development of prevention and primary treatment measures in low HDI countries, such as improving nutrition-related health education, nutritional support and early aggressive treatment, and also eliminating hunger. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9736be5a489341208a291ecc8ad78029 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-1315 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj-art-9736be5a489341208a291ecc8ad780292025-01-19T12:27:58ZengBMCJournal of Health, Population and Nutrition2072-13152025-01-014411910.1186/s41043-025-00739-zSocio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019Mohsen Bayati0Elham Arkia1Mehrnoosh Emadi2Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesStudent Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesStudent Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesAbstract Background Socioeconomic inequality in nutritional status as one of the main social determinants of health can lead to inequality in health outcomes. In the present study, the socioeconomic inequality in the burden of nutritional deficiencies among the countries of the world using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data was investigated. Methods Burden data of nutritional deficiencies and its subsets including protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and dietary iron deficiency form GBD study and Human Development Index (HDI), a proxy for the socio-economic status of countries, from united nations database were collected. After descriptive statistics, the concentration index (CI) curve was used to measure socioeconomic inequality. CI for nutritional deficiencies was estimated based on Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), Years of Life Lost (YLL), prevalence, incidence and death indices. Moreover, CI of DALY and prevalence was estimated and reported for four nutritional deficiencies subgroups. Results CIs for DALY, YLD, YLL, prevalence, incidence and death rate show negative values and their, which indicates the concentration of nutritional deficiencies burden among lower HDI countries. The highest value of CI (lowest inequality) for DALY was related to iodine deficiency (-0.3401) and the lowest (highest inequality) was related to vitamin A deficiency (-0.5884). Also, the highest value of CI for prevalence was related to protein-energy malnutrition (-0.1403) and the lowest was related to vitamin A deficiency (-0.4308). Results also show the inequality in DALY was greater than the disparity in prevalence for all subgroups of nutritional deficiencies. Conclusions Inequality in burden of nutritional deficiencies and protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and dietary iron deficiency are concentrated in countries with low HDI, so there is pro- poor inequality. Findings indicate that although malnutrition occurs more in low-income countries, due to the weakness of health care systems in these countries, the inequality in the final consequences of malnutrition such as DALY becomes much deeper. More attention should be paid to the development of prevention and primary treatment measures in low HDI countries, such as improving nutrition-related health education, nutritional support and early aggressive treatment, and also eliminating hunger.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-00739-zSocioeconomic disparities in HealthHealth inequitiesInequalityMalnutritionNutritional status |
| spellingShingle | Mohsen Bayati Elham Arkia Mehrnoosh Emadi Socio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019 Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition Socioeconomic disparities in Health Health inequities Inequality Malnutrition Nutritional status |
| title | Socio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019 |
| title_full | Socio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019 |
| title_fullStr | Socio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Socio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019 |
| title_short | Socio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019 |
| title_sort | socio economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries evidence from global burden of disease study 2019 |
| topic | Socioeconomic disparities in Health Health inequities Inequality Malnutrition Nutritional status |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-00739-z |
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