A Load Restoration Approach Based on Symmetrical Demand Response Incentive Mechanism

Demand response (DR) has high regulation potential, which can reduce the power supply–demand imbalance caused by extreme disasters. However, its actual effectiveness still needs to be improved because of low user willingness and incomplete compensation mechanisms. To address this issue, a symmetrica...

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Main Authors: Xuntao Shi, Jian Sun, Xiaobing Xiao, Yongjun Zhang, Yiyong Lei, Hao Yang, Zhuangzhuang Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Energies
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/11/2677
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author Xuntao Shi
Jian Sun
Xiaobing Xiao
Yongjun Zhang
Yiyong Lei
Hao Yang
Zhuangzhuang Li
author_facet Xuntao Shi
Jian Sun
Xiaobing Xiao
Yongjun Zhang
Yiyong Lei
Hao Yang
Zhuangzhuang Li
author_sort Xuntao Shi
collection DOAJ
description Demand response (DR) has high regulation potential, which can reduce the power supply–demand imbalance caused by extreme disasters. However, its actual effectiveness still needs to be improved because of low user willingness and incomplete compensation mechanisms. To address this issue, a symmetrical incentive mechanism for DR is proposed. Building upon this mechanism, a bi-level load restoration optimization model under extreme events is proposed. The upper-level model minimizes grid-side costs during load restoration, determining load restoration ratios and incentive coefficients transmitted to the lower level. The lower-level model maximizes user profits while considering comfort-level losses from DR participation, solving for actual response quantities that are fed back to the upper level. To efficiently solve the proposed load restoration model, an iterative mixed-integer load restoration solver is proposed. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed symmetrical mechanism achieved an 89.6% participation rate, showing a 2.46% improvement over fixed incentive schemes. Grid payment costs were reduced by CNY 365,400, achieving incentive compatibility that facilitates rapid load restoration post extreme disasters.
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id doaj-art-972c565c20c14996b2b1d51cd79a9fca
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publisher MDPI AG
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series Energies
spelling doaj-art-972c565c20c14996b2b1d51cd79a9fca2025-08-20T02:33:02ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-05-011811267710.3390/en18112677A Load Restoration Approach Based on Symmetrical Demand Response Incentive MechanismXuntao Shi0Jian Sun1Xiaobing Xiao2Yongjun Zhang3Yiyong Lei4Hao Yang5Zhuangzhuang Li6School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, ChinaCSG Electric Power Research Institute, Guangzhou 510663, ChinaCSG Electric Power Research Institute, Guangzhou 510663, ChinaSchool of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, ChinaChina Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510530, ChinaChina Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510530, ChinaSchool of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, ChinaDemand response (DR) has high regulation potential, which can reduce the power supply–demand imbalance caused by extreme disasters. However, its actual effectiveness still needs to be improved because of low user willingness and incomplete compensation mechanisms. To address this issue, a symmetrical incentive mechanism for DR is proposed. Building upon this mechanism, a bi-level load restoration optimization model under extreme events is proposed. The upper-level model minimizes grid-side costs during load restoration, determining load restoration ratios and incentive coefficients transmitted to the lower level. The lower-level model maximizes user profits while considering comfort-level losses from DR participation, solving for actual response quantities that are fed back to the upper level. To efficiently solve the proposed load restoration model, an iterative mixed-integer load restoration solver is proposed. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed symmetrical mechanism achieved an 89.6% participation rate, showing a 2.46% improvement over fixed incentive schemes. Grid payment costs were reduced by CNY 365,400, achieving incentive compatibility that facilitates rapid load restoration post extreme disasters.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/11/2677load restorationdemand responsesymmetrical incentive mechanismbi-level optimization
spellingShingle Xuntao Shi
Jian Sun
Xiaobing Xiao
Yongjun Zhang
Yiyong Lei
Hao Yang
Zhuangzhuang Li
A Load Restoration Approach Based on Symmetrical Demand Response Incentive Mechanism
Energies
load restoration
demand response
symmetrical incentive mechanism
bi-level optimization
title A Load Restoration Approach Based on Symmetrical Demand Response Incentive Mechanism
title_full A Load Restoration Approach Based on Symmetrical Demand Response Incentive Mechanism
title_fullStr A Load Restoration Approach Based on Symmetrical Demand Response Incentive Mechanism
title_full_unstemmed A Load Restoration Approach Based on Symmetrical Demand Response Incentive Mechanism
title_short A Load Restoration Approach Based on Symmetrical Demand Response Incentive Mechanism
title_sort load restoration approach based on symmetrical demand response incentive mechanism
topic load restoration
demand response
symmetrical incentive mechanism
bi-level optimization
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/11/2677
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