Influence of Compression Ratio on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines Under Different Excess Air Coefficients
Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H<sub>2</sub>-ICEs) are a promising solution for decarbonizing heavy-duty transportation. This study investigates the effects of compression ratio (CR: 9, 11, 13) and excess air ratio (λ: 1–5) on the performance, emissions, and combustion characteris...
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2025-03-01
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| author | Diming Lou Yixuan Liu Yunhua Zhang |
| author_facet | Diming Lou Yixuan Liu Yunhua Zhang |
| author_sort | Diming Lou |
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| description | Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H<sub>2</sub>-ICEs) are a promising solution for decarbonizing heavy-duty transportation. This study investigates the effects of compression ratio (CR: 9, 11, 13) and excess air ratio (λ: 1–5) on the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a turbocharged direct-injection H<sub>2</sub>-ICE under lean-burn conditions. A validated one-dimensional GT-POWER model, calibrated using experimental data (1500 rpm, 0.6 bar intake pressure), was employed to analyze volumetric efficiency (VE), indicated thermal efficiency (ITE), NOx emissions, and combustion stability. Results demonstrate that increasing λ reduces VE and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) but enhances ITE, peaking at 41.25% (CR = 13, λ = 2.5). NOx emissions exhibit a non-monotonic trend, reaching 1850 ppm at λ = 1.5 (CR = 13) before declining under leaner conditions. Higher CR extends the lean-burn limit (λ = 5.0 for CR = 13) and advances combustion phasing, though it elevates risks of abnormal combustion. Trade-offs between power, efficiency, and emissions highlight λ = 2.5 as optimal for balancing ITE and NOx control, while λ = 1 maximizes power output. This work provides critical insights into optimizing H<sub>2</sub>-ICE operation through CR and λ adjustments, supporting the transition toward sustainable heavy-duty transport systems. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-97230e35588f4f26bff98d4712d8a44a2025-08-20T02:17:00ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-03-01187165610.3390/en18071656Influence of Compression Ratio on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines Under Different Excess Air CoefficientsDiming Lou0Yixuan Liu1Yunhua Zhang2School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, ChinaSchool of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, ChinaSchool of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, ChinaHydrogen internal combustion engines (H<sub>2</sub>-ICEs) are a promising solution for decarbonizing heavy-duty transportation. This study investigates the effects of compression ratio (CR: 9, 11, 13) and excess air ratio (λ: 1–5) on the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a turbocharged direct-injection H<sub>2</sub>-ICE under lean-burn conditions. A validated one-dimensional GT-POWER model, calibrated using experimental data (1500 rpm, 0.6 bar intake pressure), was employed to analyze volumetric efficiency (VE), indicated thermal efficiency (ITE), NOx emissions, and combustion stability. Results demonstrate that increasing λ reduces VE and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) but enhances ITE, peaking at 41.25% (CR = 13, λ = 2.5). NOx emissions exhibit a non-monotonic trend, reaching 1850 ppm at λ = 1.5 (CR = 13) before declining under leaner conditions. Higher CR extends the lean-burn limit (λ = 5.0 for CR = 13) and advances combustion phasing, though it elevates risks of abnormal combustion. Trade-offs between power, efficiency, and emissions highlight λ = 2.5 as optimal for balancing ITE and NOx control, while λ = 1 maximizes power output. This work provides critical insights into optimizing H<sub>2</sub>-ICE operation through CR and λ adjustments, supporting the transition toward sustainable heavy-duty transport systems.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/7/1656hydrogen internal combustion enginecompression ratioexcess air ratiolean combustionNOx emissionsthermal efficiency |
| spellingShingle | Diming Lou Yixuan Liu Yunhua Zhang Influence of Compression Ratio on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines Under Different Excess Air Coefficients Energies hydrogen internal combustion engine compression ratio excess air ratio lean combustion NOx emissions thermal efficiency |
| title | Influence of Compression Ratio on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines Under Different Excess Air Coefficients |
| title_full | Influence of Compression Ratio on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines Under Different Excess Air Coefficients |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Compression Ratio on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines Under Different Excess Air Coefficients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Compression Ratio on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines Under Different Excess Air Coefficients |
| title_short | Influence of Compression Ratio on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines Under Different Excess Air Coefficients |
| title_sort | influence of compression ratio on combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen internal combustion engines under different excess air coefficients |
| topic | hydrogen internal combustion engine compression ratio excess air ratio lean combustion NOx emissions thermal efficiency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/7/1656 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT diminglou influenceofcompressionratiooncombustionandemissioncharacteristicsofhydrogeninternalcombustionenginesunderdifferentexcessaircoefficients AT yixuanliu influenceofcompressionratiooncombustionandemissioncharacteristicsofhydrogeninternalcombustionenginesunderdifferentexcessaircoefficients AT yunhuazhang influenceofcompressionratiooncombustionandemissioncharacteristicsofhydrogeninternalcombustionenginesunderdifferentexcessaircoefficients |