Modeling and Analysis of KSnI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Power Conversion Efficiency of 30.21%
KSnI<sub>3</sub>-based perovskite solar cells have attracted a lot of research interest due their unique electronic, optical, and thermal properties. In this study, we optimized the performance of various lead-free perovskite solar cell structures—specifically, FTO/Al–ZnO/KSnI<sub>...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Bonginkosi Vincent Kheswa Siyabonga Ntokozo Thandoluhle Majola Hmoud Al-Dmour Nolufefe Muriel Ndzane Lucky Makhathini |
| author_facet | Bonginkosi Vincent Kheswa Siyabonga Ntokozo Thandoluhle Majola Hmoud Al-Dmour Nolufefe Muriel Ndzane Lucky Makhathini |
| author_sort | Bonginkosi Vincent Kheswa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | KSnI<sub>3</sub>-based perovskite solar cells have attracted a lot of research interest due their unique electronic, optical, and thermal properties. In this study, we optimized the performance of various lead-free perovskite solar cell structures—specifically, FTO/Al–ZnO/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, FTO/LiTiO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, FTO/ZnO/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, and FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, using the SCAPS-1D simulation tool. The optimization focused on the thicknesses and dopant densities of the rGO, KSnI<sub>3</sub>, Al–ZnO, LiTiO<sub>2</sub>, ZnO, and SnO<sub>2</sub> layers, the thickness of the FTO electrode, as well as the defect density of KSnI<sub>3</sub>. This yielded PCE values of 27.60%, 24.94%, 27.62%, and 30.21% for the FTO/Al–ZnO/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, FTO/LiTiO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, FTO/ZnO/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, and FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se perovskite solar cell configurations, respectively. The FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se device is 7.43% more efficient than the FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/3C-SiC/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/NiO/C device, which is currently the highest performing KSnI<sub>3</sub>-based perovskite solar cell in the literature. Thus, our FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se perovskite solar cell structure is now, by far, the most efficient PSC design. Its best performance is achieved under ideal conditions of a series resistance of 0.5 Ω cm<sup>2</sup>, a shunt resistance of 10<sup>7</sup> Ω cm<sup>2</sup>, and a temperature of 371 K. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-971ea5738b5f44399cdcded65b7a89e12025-08-20T02:28:25ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-04-0115858010.3390/nano15080580Modeling and Analysis of KSnI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Power Conversion Efficiency of 30.21%Bonginkosi Vincent Kheswa0Siyabonga Ntokozo Thandoluhle Majola1Hmoud Al-Dmour2Nolufefe Muriel Ndzane3Lucky Makhathini4Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, 55 Beit Street, Doornfontein 2028, South AfricaDepartment of Physics, University of Johannesburg, 55 Beit Street, Doornfontein 2028, South AfricaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mu’tah University, Mu’tah 61710, JordanAcademic Development Centre, University of Johannesburg, 55 Beit Street, Doornfontein 2028, South AfricaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, P/B X17, Bellville 7535, South AfricaKSnI<sub>3</sub>-based perovskite solar cells have attracted a lot of research interest due their unique electronic, optical, and thermal properties. In this study, we optimized the performance of various lead-free perovskite solar cell structures—specifically, FTO/Al–ZnO/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, FTO/LiTiO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, FTO/ZnO/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, and FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, using the SCAPS-1D simulation tool. The optimization focused on the thicknesses and dopant densities of the rGO, KSnI<sub>3</sub>, Al–ZnO, LiTiO<sub>2</sub>, ZnO, and SnO<sub>2</sub> layers, the thickness of the FTO electrode, as well as the defect density of KSnI<sub>3</sub>. This yielded PCE values of 27.60%, 24.94%, 27.62%, and 30.21% for the FTO/Al–ZnO/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, FTO/LiTiO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, FTO/ZnO/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se, and FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se perovskite solar cell configurations, respectively. The FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se device is 7.43% more efficient than the FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/3C-SiC/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/NiO/C device, which is currently the highest performing KSnI<sub>3</sub>-based perovskite solar cell in the literature. Thus, our FTO/SnO<sub>2</sub>/KSnI<sub>3</sub>/rGO/Se perovskite solar cell structure is now, by far, the most efficient PSC design. Its best performance is achieved under ideal conditions of a series resistance of 0.5 Ω cm<sup>2</sup>, a shunt resistance of 10<sup>7</sup> Ω cm<sup>2</sup>, and a temperature of 371 K.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/8/580KSnI<sub>3</sub>rGOSnO<sub>2</sub>perovskitesolar |
| spellingShingle | Bonginkosi Vincent Kheswa Siyabonga Ntokozo Thandoluhle Majola Hmoud Al-Dmour Nolufefe Muriel Ndzane Lucky Makhathini Modeling and Analysis of KSnI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Power Conversion Efficiency of 30.21% Nanomaterials KSnI<sub>3</sub> rGO SnO<sub>2</sub> perovskite solar |
| title | Modeling and Analysis of KSnI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Power Conversion Efficiency of 30.21% |
| title_full | Modeling and Analysis of KSnI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Power Conversion Efficiency of 30.21% |
| title_fullStr | Modeling and Analysis of KSnI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Power Conversion Efficiency of 30.21% |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modeling and Analysis of KSnI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Power Conversion Efficiency of 30.21% |
| title_short | Modeling and Analysis of KSnI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Power Conversion Efficiency of 30.21% |
| title_sort | modeling and analysis of ksni sub 3 sub perovskite solar cells yielding power conversion efficiency of 30 21 |
| topic | KSnI<sub>3</sub> rGO SnO<sub>2</sub> perovskite solar |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/8/580 |
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