(Don't) fear the bad leader: three influential myths about bad leadership

IntroductionScholarship on bad leadership remains dominated by leader-centric paradigms that overstate the explanatory power of individual traits while neglecting the relational and identity-based processes that sustain harmful authority. This study challenges three influential myths: that bad leade...

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Main Author: Rudolf Metz
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Political Science
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2025.1589496/full
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author Rudolf Metz
Rudolf Metz
author_facet Rudolf Metz
Rudolf Metz
author_sort Rudolf Metz
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionScholarship on bad leadership remains dominated by leader-centric paradigms that overstate the explanatory power of individual traits while neglecting the relational and identity-based processes that sustain harmful authority. This study challenges three influential myths: that bad leadership stems solely from leader pathology, that followers are passive conformists, and that support arises from psychological similarity between leaders and followers.MethodsThrough a critical and conceptual review of political science and social psychology literature, the study integrates conceptual and empirical findings to reassess prevailing assumptions about bad leadership and followership.ResultsThe analysis reveals that bad leadership is not a deviation from normal leadership but an expression of its underlying dynamics. Harmful leadership emerges through interactive processes among leaders, followers, and permissive environments. Followers are not merely obedient or trait-aligned individuals; rather, they actively co-produce legitimacy through engaged followership based on identification and identity leadership. Individual-level dispositions such as authoritarianism, populism, or dark personality traits influence leader tolerance primarily within the framework of group identity and ideological alignment.DiscussionThe findings challenge simplistic narratives of deviance and emphasize the central role of shared identity, group prototypicality, and affective polarization in shaping moral judgment and political legitimacy. Norm violations by in-group leaders are more likely to be tolerated or justified, particularly when perceived as benefiting the group. Future research should further explore the interaction between personality, identity, and institutional context in enabling or constraining bad leadership.
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spelling doaj-art-97018c27018c44119606f0458cc5fa4e2025-08-20T02:43:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Political Science2673-31452025-07-01710.3389/fpos.2025.15894961589496(Don't) fear the bad leader: three influential myths about bad leadershipRudolf Metz0Rudolf Metz1Department for Democracy and Political Theory, Institute for Political Science, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN) Centre for Social Sciences, Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Political Science, Institute of Social and Political Science, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, HungaryIntroductionScholarship on bad leadership remains dominated by leader-centric paradigms that overstate the explanatory power of individual traits while neglecting the relational and identity-based processes that sustain harmful authority. This study challenges three influential myths: that bad leadership stems solely from leader pathology, that followers are passive conformists, and that support arises from psychological similarity between leaders and followers.MethodsThrough a critical and conceptual review of political science and social psychology literature, the study integrates conceptual and empirical findings to reassess prevailing assumptions about bad leadership and followership.ResultsThe analysis reveals that bad leadership is not a deviation from normal leadership but an expression of its underlying dynamics. Harmful leadership emerges through interactive processes among leaders, followers, and permissive environments. Followers are not merely obedient or trait-aligned individuals; rather, they actively co-produce legitimacy through engaged followership based on identification and identity leadership. Individual-level dispositions such as authoritarianism, populism, or dark personality traits influence leader tolerance primarily within the framework of group identity and ideological alignment.DiscussionThe findings challenge simplistic narratives of deviance and emphasize the central role of shared identity, group prototypicality, and affective polarization in shaping moral judgment and political legitimacy. Norm violations by in-group leaders are more likely to be tolerated or justified, particularly when perceived as benefiting the group. Future research should further explore the interaction between personality, identity, and institutional context in enabling or constraining bad leadership.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2025.1589496/fullbad leadershippolitical leadersfollowershippopulismauthoritarianismdark traits
spellingShingle Rudolf Metz
Rudolf Metz
(Don't) fear the bad leader: three influential myths about bad leadership
Frontiers in Political Science
bad leadership
political leaders
followership
populism
authoritarianism
dark traits
title (Don't) fear the bad leader: three influential myths about bad leadership
title_full (Don't) fear the bad leader: three influential myths about bad leadership
title_fullStr (Don't) fear the bad leader: three influential myths about bad leadership
title_full_unstemmed (Don't) fear the bad leader: three influential myths about bad leadership
title_short (Don't) fear the bad leader: three influential myths about bad leadership
title_sort don t fear the bad leader three influential myths about bad leadership
topic bad leadership
political leaders
followership
populism
authoritarianism
dark traits
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2025.1589496/full
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