Evidence-Based Approach to Cerebral Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia: Milrinone as a Therapeutic Option—A Narrative Literature Review and Algorithm Treatment Proposition

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe neurocritical condition often complicated by cerebral vasospasm (CVS), leading to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advancements in management, therapeutic options with robust evidence remain limited...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Pedro Batarda Sena, Marta Gonçalves, Bruno Maia, Margarida Fernandes, Luís Bento
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Neurology International
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/17/3/32
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Summary:Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe neurocritical condition often complicated by cerebral vasospasm (CVS), leading to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advancements in management, therapeutic options with robust evidence remain limited. Milrinone, a phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3) inhibitor, has emerged as a potential therapeutic option. Intravenous milrinone demonstrated clinical and angiographic improvement in 67% of patients, reducing the need for mechanical angioplasty and the risk of functional disability at 6 months (mRS ≤ 2). Side effects, including hypotension, tachycardia, and electrolyte disturbances, were observed in 33% of patients, occasionally leading to early drug discontinuation. Based on the evidence, we propose a treatment algorithm for using milrinone to optimize outcomes and standardize its application in neurocritical care settings.
ISSN:2035-8377