Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha River
In high-mountain canyon regions, many settlements are located on large, deep-seated ancient landslides. The deformation characteristics, triggering mechanisms, and long-term developmental trends of these landslides significantly impact the safety and stability of these communities. However, the defo...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Xue Li Changbao Guo Wenkai Chen Peng Wei Feng Jin Yiqiu Yan Gui Liu |
| author_facet | Xue Li Changbao Guo Wenkai Chen Peng Wei Feng Jin Yiqiu Yan Gui Liu |
| author_sort | Xue Li |
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| description | In high-mountain canyon regions, many settlements are located on large, deep-seated ancient landslides. The deformation characteristics, triggering mechanisms, and long-term developmental trends of these landslides significantly impact the safety and stability of these communities. However, the deformation mechanism under the influence of human engineering activities remains unclear. SBAS-InSAR (Small Baseline Subset-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technology, UAV LiDAR, and field surveys were utilized in this study to identify a large ancient landslide in the upper Jinsha River Basin: the Zhongxinrong landslide. It extends approximately 1220 m in length, with a vertical displacement of around 552 m. The average thickness of the landslide mass ranges from 15.0 to 35.0 m, and the total volume is estimated to be between 1.48 × 10<sup>7</sup> m<sup>3</sup> and 3.46 × 10<sup>7</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. The deformation of the Zhongxinrong landslide is primarily driven by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, leading to the formation of two distinct accumulation bodies, each exhibiting unique deformation characteristics. Accumulation Body II-1 is predominantly influenced by rainfall and road operation, resulting in significant deformation in the upper part of the landslide. In contrast, II-2 is mainly affected by rainfall and river erosion at the front edge, causing creeping tensile deformation at the toe. Detailed analysis reveals a marked acceleration in deformation following rainfall events when the cumulative rainfall over a 15-day period exceeds 120 mm. The lag time between peak rainfall and landslide displacement ranges from 2 to 28 days. Furthermore, deformation in the high-elevation accumulation area consistently exhibits a slower lag response compared to the tensile deformation area at lower zones. These findings highlight the importance of both natural and anthropogenic factors in landslide risk assessment and provide valuable insights for landslide prevention strategies, particularly in regions with similar geological and socio-environmental conditions. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-964ce1fa801c4b9bb5782c2fdca5ecb12025-08-20T02:03:32ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-02-0117468710.3390/rs17040687Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha RiverXue Li0Changbao Guo1Wenkai Chen2Peng Wei3Feng Jin4Yiqiu Yan5Gui Liu6Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaIn high-mountain canyon regions, many settlements are located on large, deep-seated ancient landslides. The deformation characteristics, triggering mechanisms, and long-term developmental trends of these landslides significantly impact the safety and stability of these communities. However, the deformation mechanism under the influence of human engineering activities remains unclear. SBAS-InSAR (Small Baseline Subset-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technology, UAV LiDAR, and field surveys were utilized in this study to identify a large ancient landslide in the upper Jinsha River Basin: the Zhongxinrong landslide. It extends approximately 1220 m in length, with a vertical displacement of around 552 m. The average thickness of the landslide mass ranges from 15.0 to 35.0 m, and the total volume is estimated to be between 1.48 × 10<sup>7</sup> m<sup>3</sup> and 3.46 × 10<sup>7</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. The deformation of the Zhongxinrong landslide is primarily driven by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, leading to the formation of two distinct accumulation bodies, each exhibiting unique deformation characteristics. Accumulation Body II-1 is predominantly influenced by rainfall and road operation, resulting in significant deformation in the upper part of the landslide. In contrast, II-2 is mainly affected by rainfall and river erosion at the front edge, causing creeping tensile deformation at the toe. Detailed analysis reveals a marked acceleration in deformation following rainfall events when the cumulative rainfall over a 15-day period exceeds 120 mm. The lag time between peak rainfall and landslide displacement ranges from 2 to 28 days. Furthermore, deformation in the high-elevation accumulation area consistently exhibits a slower lag response compared to the tensile deformation area at lower zones. These findings highlight the importance of both natural and anthropogenic factors in landslide risk assessment and provide valuable insights for landslide prevention strategies, particularly in regions with similar geological and socio-environmental conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/4/687large deep-seated landslideslow-moving landslideInSARconstruction and rainfallthe lag effect of rainfall |
| spellingShingle | Xue Li Changbao Guo Wenkai Chen Peng Wei Feng Jin Yiqiu Yan Gui Liu Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha River Remote Sensing large deep-seated landslide slow-moving landslide InSAR construction and rainfall the lag effect of rainfall |
| title | Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha River |
| title_full | Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha River |
| title_fullStr | Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha River |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha River |
| title_short | Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha River |
| title_sort | deformation mechanisms and rainfall lag effects of deep seated ancient landslides in high mountain regions a case study of the zhongxinrong landslide upper jinsha river |
| topic | large deep-seated landslide slow-moving landslide InSAR construction and rainfall the lag effect of rainfall |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/4/687 |
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