Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States
In the United States, typhoid vaccination is recommended for international travelers to areas with a recognized risk of typhoid exposure. Using MarketScan® Commercial Database from 2016 through 2022, we estimated typhoid vaccination costs by route (injectable vs. oral) and provider setting (clinic v...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893925000043 |
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| author | Heesoo Joo Brian A. Maskery Louise K. Francois Watkins Joohyun Park Kristina M. Angelo Eric S. Halsey |
| author_facet | Heesoo Joo Brian A. Maskery Louise K. Francois Watkins Joohyun Park Kristina M. Angelo Eric S. Halsey |
| author_sort | Heesoo Joo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the United States, typhoid vaccination is recommended for international travelers to areas with a recognized risk of typhoid exposure. Using MarketScan® Commercial Database from 2016 through 2022, we estimated typhoid vaccination costs by route (injectable vs. oral) and provider setting (clinic vs. pharmacy). Of 165,930 vaccinated individuals, 99,471 received injectable and 66,459 received oral typhoid vaccines, with 88 % and 17 % respectively administered at clinics. Average costs for injectable vaccination were $132.91 per person [95 % confidence interval (CI): $132.68–$133.13], with clinic and pharmacy costs at $136.38 [95 % CI: $136.14–$136.63] and $107.45 [95 % CI: $107.13–$107.77], respectively. Oral vaccination costs averaged $81.23 per person [95 % CI: $81.14–$81.33], encompassing $86.61 [95 % CI: $86.13–$87.10] at clinics and $80.14 [95 % CI: $80.09–$80.19] at pharmacies. Out-of-pocket costs comprised 21 % and 33 % of total costs for injectable and oral vaccinations. These findings may inform clinical decision-making to protect international travelers’ health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-95e767bcbd144159a71bf5c3659686e5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1873-0442 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |
| spelling | doaj-art-95e767bcbd144159a71bf5c3659686e52025-01-26T05:03:36ZengElsevierTravel Medicine and Infectious Disease1873-04422025-03-0164102798Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United StatesHeesoo Joo0Brian A. Maskery1Louise K. Francois Watkins2Joohyun Park3Kristina M. Angelo4Eric S. Halsey5Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Corresponding author. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS H16, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USADivision of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USADivision of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USADivision of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USADivision of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USAIn the United States, typhoid vaccination is recommended for international travelers to areas with a recognized risk of typhoid exposure. Using MarketScan® Commercial Database from 2016 through 2022, we estimated typhoid vaccination costs by route (injectable vs. oral) and provider setting (clinic vs. pharmacy). Of 165,930 vaccinated individuals, 99,471 received injectable and 66,459 received oral typhoid vaccines, with 88 % and 17 % respectively administered at clinics. Average costs for injectable vaccination were $132.91 per person [95 % confidence interval (CI): $132.68–$133.13], with clinic and pharmacy costs at $136.38 [95 % CI: $136.14–$136.63] and $107.45 [95 % CI: $107.13–$107.77], respectively. Oral vaccination costs averaged $81.23 per person [95 % CI: $81.14–$81.33], encompassing $86.61 [95 % CI: $86.13–$87.10] at clinics and $80.14 [95 % CI: $80.09–$80.19] at pharmacies. Out-of-pocket costs comprised 21 % and 33 % of total costs for injectable and oral vaccinations. These findings may inform clinical decision-making to protect international travelers’ health.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893925000043Typhoid feverTyphoid vaccinationVaccination costs |
| spellingShingle | Heesoo Joo Brian A. Maskery Louise K. Francois Watkins Joohyun Park Kristina M. Angelo Eric S. Halsey Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease Typhoid fever Typhoid vaccination Vaccination costs |
| title | Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States |
| title_full | Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States |
| title_fullStr | Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States |
| title_full_unstemmed | Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States |
| title_short | Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States |
| title_sort | costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the united states |
| topic | Typhoid fever Typhoid vaccination Vaccination costs |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893925000043 |
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