Psychological flexibility as a moderator of the association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder, depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting: a cross-sectional study
Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate whether psychological flexibility moderates the relationship between premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) symptoms and depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting. Methods For this study, a sample of 1,538 menstruating mothers...
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BMC
2025-04-01
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| Series: | BioPsychoSocial Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-025-00327-x |
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| author | Junko Okajima Isa Okajima |
| author_facet | Junko Okajima Isa Okajima |
| author_sort | Junko Okajima |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate whether psychological flexibility moderates the relationship between premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) symptoms and depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting. Methods For this study, a sample of 1,538 menstruating mothers with children aged 0 to 3 years (227 with 0-year-olds, 428 with 1-year-olds, 409 with 2-year-olds, and 424 with 3-year-olds) was assessed utilizing the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Scale (PMDDS), Parental Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (PAAQ), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results The interaction effects between PMDDS and PAAQ scores were found to be significantly associated with anxiety and positive parenting, after controlling for other variables. Notably, higher PAAQ scores were associated with increased positive parenting, even in the presence of worsened PMDD symptoms. Furthermore, psychological flexibility, as measured by the PAAQ, had an independent effect on both depression and anxiety, though no moderating effect was observed. Conclusions Interventions aimed at enhancing psychological flexibility may be beneficial for mothers with premenstrual dysphoric disorder who are raising infants and toddlers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-95df873128f240b4886dcc5e6e4fe6bd |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1751-0759 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BioPsychoSocial Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-95df873128f240b4886dcc5e6e4fe6bd2025-08-20T02:17:10ZengBMCBioPsychoSocial Medicine1751-07592025-04-011911910.1186/s13030-025-00327-xPsychological flexibility as a moderator of the association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder, depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting: a cross-sectional studyJunko Okajima0Isa Okajima1Department of Psychology, Rikkyo UniversityDepartment of Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Tokyo Kasei UniversityAbstract Background This study aimed to investigate whether psychological flexibility moderates the relationship between premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) symptoms and depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting. Methods For this study, a sample of 1,538 menstruating mothers with children aged 0 to 3 years (227 with 0-year-olds, 428 with 1-year-olds, 409 with 2-year-olds, and 424 with 3-year-olds) was assessed utilizing the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Scale (PMDDS), Parental Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (PAAQ), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results The interaction effects between PMDDS and PAAQ scores were found to be significantly associated with anxiety and positive parenting, after controlling for other variables. Notably, higher PAAQ scores were associated with increased positive parenting, even in the presence of worsened PMDD symptoms. Furthermore, psychological flexibility, as measured by the PAAQ, had an independent effect on both depression and anxiety, though no moderating effect was observed. Conclusions Interventions aimed at enhancing psychological flexibility may be beneficial for mothers with premenstrual dysphoric disorder who are raising infants and toddlers.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-025-00327-xAcceptance and commitment therapyPsychological flexibilityNegative parentingPositive parentingPremenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)Depression |
| spellingShingle | Junko Okajima Isa Okajima Psychological flexibility as a moderator of the association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder, depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting: a cross-sectional study BioPsychoSocial Medicine Acceptance and commitment therapy Psychological flexibility Negative parenting Positive parenting Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) Depression |
| title | Psychological flexibility as a moderator of the association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder, depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Psychological flexibility as a moderator of the association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder, depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting: a cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Psychological flexibility as a moderator of the association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder, depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Psychological flexibility as a moderator of the association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder, depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting: a cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Psychological flexibility as a moderator of the association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder, depression, anxiety, positive parenting, and negative parenting: a cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | psychological flexibility as a moderator of the association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder depression anxiety positive parenting and negative parenting a cross sectional study |
| topic | Acceptance and commitment therapy Psychological flexibility Negative parenting Positive parenting Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) Depression |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-025-00327-x |
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