A Review on Bioengineering the Bovine Mammary Gland: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Reconstruction Prospects
The mammary gland is a modified sweat gland responsible for milk production. It is affected by diseases that reduce animals’ quality of life, consequently leading to economic losses in livestock. With advancements in tissue bioengineering and regenerative medicine, studying the extracellular matrix...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| author | Fernando Chissico Júnior Thamires Santos da Silva Flávio Vieira Meirelles Paulo Sérgio Monzani Lucas Fornari Laurindo Sandra Maria Barbalho Maria Angélica Miglino |
| author_facet | Fernando Chissico Júnior Thamires Santos da Silva Flávio Vieira Meirelles Paulo Sérgio Monzani Lucas Fornari Laurindo Sandra Maria Barbalho Maria Angélica Miglino |
| author_sort | Fernando Chissico Júnior |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The mammary gland is a modified sweat gland responsible for milk production. It is affected by diseases that reduce animals’ quality of life, consequently leading to economic losses in livestock. With advancements in tissue bioengineering and regenerative medicine, studying the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the bovine mammary gland can improve our understanding of its physiology and the processes that affect it. This knowledge could also enable the development of sustainable therapeutic alternatives for both the dairy production chain and human oncology research. A common approach in regenerative medicine is decellularization, a process that removes all cells from tissue while preserving its architecture and ECM components for subsequent recellularization. The success of recellularization depends on obtaining immunologically compatible scaffolds and using appropriate cell culture sources and methods to ensure tissue functionality. However, tissue culture technology still faces challenges due to specific requirements and high costs. Here, we review the literature on biomaterials and tissue engineering, providing an overview of the ECM of the bovine mammary gland and advances in its bioengineering, with a focus on regenerative medicine for bovine species. The methodology employed consists of a structured search of scientific databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciELO, using specific keywords related to tissue engineering and the bovine mammary gland. The selection criteria prioritized peer-reviewed articles published between 2002 and 2025 that demonstrated scientific relevance and contributed to the understanding of bovine mammary gland bioengineering. Although research on this topic has advanced, vascularization, tissue maturation, and scalability remain key barriers to widespread application and economic viability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9568cdb2694e4de2b89073405bdfb4b1 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-9568cdb2694e4de2b89073405bdfb4b12025-08-20T03:14:45ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542025-05-0112550110.3390/bioengineering12050501A Review on Bioengineering the Bovine Mammary Gland: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Reconstruction ProspectsFernando Chissico Júnior0Thamires Santos da Silva1Flávio Vieira Meirelles2Paulo Sérgio Monzani3Lucas Fornari Laurindo4Sandra Maria Barbalho5Maria Angélica Miglino6Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, SP, BrazilDepartment of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, SP, BrazilDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, BrazilDepartment of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, BrazilThe mammary gland is a modified sweat gland responsible for milk production. It is affected by diseases that reduce animals’ quality of life, consequently leading to economic losses in livestock. With advancements in tissue bioengineering and regenerative medicine, studying the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the bovine mammary gland can improve our understanding of its physiology and the processes that affect it. This knowledge could also enable the development of sustainable therapeutic alternatives for both the dairy production chain and human oncology research. A common approach in regenerative medicine is decellularization, a process that removes all cells from tissue while preserving its architecture and ECM components for subsequent recellularization. The success of recellularization depends on obtaining immunologically compatible scaffolds and using appropriate cell culture sources and methods to ensure tissue functionality. However, tissue culture technology still faces challenges due to specific requirements and high costs. Here, we review the literature on biomaterials and tissue engineering, providing an overview of the ECM of the bovine mammary gland and advances in its bioengineering, with a focus on regenerative medicine for bovine species. The methodology employed consists of a structured search of scientific databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciELO, using specific keywords related to tissue engineering and the bovine mammary gland. The selection criteria prioritized peer-reviewed articles published between 2002 and 2025 that demonstrated scientific relevance and contributed to the understanding of bovine mammary gland bioengineering. Although research on this topic has advanced, vascularization, tissue maturation, and scalability remain key barriers to widespread application and economic viability.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/5/501mammary glanddecellularizationrecellularizationextracellular matrix |
| spellingShingle | Fernando Chissico Júnior Thamires Santos da Silva Flávio Vieira Meirelles Paulo Sérgio Monzani Lucas Fornari Laurindo Sandra Maria Barbalho Maria Angélica Miglino A Review on Bioengineering the Bovine Mammary Gland: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Reconstruction Prospects Bioengineering mammary gland decellularization recellularization extracellular matrix |
| title | A Review on Bioengineering the Bovine Mammary Gland: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Reconstruction Prospects |
| title_full | A Review on Bioengineering the Bovine Mammary Gland: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Reconstruction Prospects |
| title_fullStr | A Review on Bioengineering the Bovine Mammary Gland: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Reconstruction Prospects |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review on Bioengineering the Bovine Mammary Gland: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Reconstruction Prospects |
| title_short | A Review on Bioengineering the Bovine Mammary Gland: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Reconstruction Prospects |
| title_sort | review on bioengineering the bovine mammary gland the role of the extracellular matrix and reconstruction prospects |
| topic | mammary gland decellularization recellularization extracellular matrix |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/5/501 |
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