Photocatalytic Purification of Orange-II-Dye-Polluted Wastewater Using TiO<sub>2</sub>-Modified g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Composite

Textile dyes are considered to be one of the major sources of water pollution due to their complex chemical structures. Photocatalytic dye degradation is an eco-friendly method that uses light-activated catalysts to break down complex dye molecules in wastewater into harmless byproducts. In the pres...

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Main Authors: Bin Guo, Monir Uzzaman, Mai Furukawa, Ikki Tateishi, Hideyuki Katsumata, Satoshi Kaneco
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:C
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/10/4/103
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author Bin Guo
Monir Uzzaman
Mai Furukawa
Ikki Tateishi
Hideyuki Katsumata
Satoshi Kaneco
author_facet Bin Guo
Monir Uzzaman
Mai Furukawa
Ikki Tateishi
Hideyuki Katsumata
Satoshi Kaneco
author_sort Bin Guo
collection DOAJ
description Textile dyes are considered to be one of the major sources of water pollution due to their complex chemical structures. Photocatalytic dye degradation is an eco-friendly method that uses light-activated catalysts to break down complex dye molecules in wastewater into harmless byproducts. In the present study, pure and N-doped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> were synthesized using one-pot calcination. The fabrication of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and TC-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> was accomplished by physical mixing. The prepared photocatalysts were used to treat the Orange-II-polluted wastewater. The structural properties, surface morphology, light-harvesting capability, and electrochemical properties were assessed using XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, BET, DRS, PL, EIS, Mott–Schottky, and transient photocurrent response (TPCR) analyses. The improved charge separation and migration properties of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> were confirmed by the PL, EIS, and TPCR results. TEM and XPS data confirmed the formation of a g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite. Enhanced photocatalytic decolorization was achieved for g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> compared with pure g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> or TiO<sub>2</sub>. The 1 wt% g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite exhibited the highest (92.1%) decolorization efficiency during 60 min of UV irradiation. Furthermore, the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant (k) of 1 wt% g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> was calculated to be 0.0213 min<sup>−1</sup>, which was 2.5 times better than that obtained with bare TiO<sub>2</sub>. Finally, for a better understanding of the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> decolorization process, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed.
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spelling doaj-art-94c654bb6f7f4edd87db63f008ddaeb22025-08-20T02:55:56ZengMDPI AGC2311-56292024-12-0110410310.3390/c10040103Photocatalytic Purification of Orange-II-Dye-Polluted Wastewater Using TiO<sub>2</sub>-Modified g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> CompositeBin Guo0Monir Uzzaman1Mai Furukawa2Ikki Tateishi3Hideyuki Katsumata4Satoshi Kaneco5Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, JapanDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, JapanDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, JapanMie Global Environment Center for Education & Research, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, JapanDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, JapanDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, JapanTextile dyes are considered to be one of the major sources of water pollution due to their complex chemical structures. Photocatalytic dye degradation is an eco-friendly method that uses light-activated catalysts to break down complex dye molecules in wastewater into harmless byproducts. In the present study, pure and N-doped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> were synthesized using one-pot calcination. The fabrication of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and TC-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> was accomplished by physical mixing. The prepared photocatalysts were used to treat the Orange-II-polluted wastewater. The structural properties, surface morphology, light-harvesting capability, and electrochemical properties were assessed using XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, BET, DRS, PL, EIS, Mott–Schottky, and transient photocurrent response (TPCR) analyses. The improved charge separation and migration properties of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> were confirmed by the PL, EIS, and TPCR results. TEM and XPS data confirmed the formation of a g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite. Enhanced photocatalytic decolorization was achieved for g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> compared with pure g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> or TiO<sub>2</sub>. The 1 wt% g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite exhibited the highest (92.1%) decolorization efficiency during 60 min of UV irradiation. Furthermore, the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant (k) of 1 wt% g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> was calculated to be 0.0213 min<sup>−1</sup>, which was 2.5 times better than that obtained with bare TiO<sub>2</sub>. Finally, for a better understanding of the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> decolorization process, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/10/4/103g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>photocatalytic purificationOrange II dyewastewater
spellingShingle Bin Guo
Monir Uzzaman
Mai Furukawa
Ikki Tateishi
Hideyuki Katsumata
Satoshi Kaneco
Photocatalytic Purification of Orange-II-Dye-Polluted Wastewater Using TiO<sub>2</sub>-Modified g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Composite
C
g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>
photocatalytic purification
Orange II dye
wastewater
title Photocatalytic Purification of Orange-II-Dye-Polluted Wastewater Using TiO<sub>2</sub>-Modified g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Composite
title_full Photocatalytic Purification of Orange-II-Dye-Polluted Wastewater Using TiO<sub>2</sub>-Modified g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Composite
title_fullStr Photocatalytic Purification of Orange-II-Dye-Polluted Wastewater Using TiO<sub>2</sub>-Modified g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Composite
title_full_unstemmed Photocatalytic Purification of Orange-II-Dye-Polluted Wastewater Using TiO<sub>2</sub>-Modified g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Composite
title_short Photocatalytic Purification of Orange-II-Dye-Polluted Wastewater Using TiO<sub>2</sub>-Modified g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Composite
title_sort photocatalytic purification of orange ii dye polluted wastewater using tio sub 2 sub modified g c sub 3 sub n sub 4 sub composite
topic g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>
photocatalytic purification
Orange II dye
wastewater
url https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/10/4/103
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