Comparative Study of Modern Differential Evolution Algorithms: Perspectives on Mechanisms and Performance

Since the discovery of the Differential Evolution algorithm, new and improved versions have continuously emerged. In this paper, we review selected algorithms based on Differential Evolution that have been proposed in recent years. We examine the mechanisms integrated into them and compare the perfo...

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Main Authors: Janez Brest, Mirjam Sepesy Maučec
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Mathematics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/10/1556
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author Janez Brest
Mirjam Sepesy Maučec
author_facet Janez Brest
Mirjam Sepesy Maučec
author_sort Janez Brest
collection DOAJ
description Since the discovery of the Differential Evolution algorithm, new and improved versions have continuously emerged. In this paper, we review selected algorithms based on Differential Evolution that have been proposed in recent years. We examine the mechanisms integrated into them and compare the performance of algorithms. To compare their performances, statistical comparisons were used as they enable us to draw reliable conclusions about the algorithms’ performances. We use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for pairwise comparisons and the Friedman test for multiple comparisons. Subsequently, the Mann–Whitney U-score test was added. We conducted not only a cumulative analysis of algorithms, but we also focused on their performances regarding the function family (i.e., unimodal, multimodal, hybrid, and composition functions). Experimental results of algorithms were obtained on problems defined for the CEC’24 Special Session and Competition on Single Objective Real Parameter Numerical Optimization. Problem dimensions of 10, 30, 50, and 100 were analyzed. In this paper, we highlight promising mechanisms for further development and improvements based on the study of the selected algorithms.
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spelling doaj-art-948559fbb1144977bb29bbc8f9364c5f2025-08-20T03:14:35ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902025-05-011310155610.3390/math13101556Comparative Study of Modern Differential Evolution Algorithms: Perspectives on Mechanisms and PerformanceJanez Brest0Mirjam Sepesy Maučec1Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, SloveniaFaculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, SloveniaSince the discovery of the Differential Evolution algorithm, new and improved versions have continuously emerged. In this paper, we review selected algorithms based on Differential Evolution that have been proposed in recent years. We examine the mechanisms integrated into them and compare the performance of algorithms. To compare their performances, statistical comparisons were used as they enable us to draw reliable conclusions about the algorithms’ performances. We use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for pairwise comparisons and the Friedman test for multiple comparisons. Subsequently, the Mann–Whitney U-score test was added. We conducted not only a cumulative analysis of algorithms, but we also focused on their performances regarding the function family (i.e., unimodal, multimodal, hybrid, and composition functions). Experimental results of algorithms were obtained on problems defined for the CEC’24 Special Session and Competition on Single Objective Real Parameter Numerical Optimization. Problem dimensions of 10, 30, 50, and 100 were analyzed. In this paper, we highlight promising mechanisms for further development and improvements based on the study of the selected algorithms.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/10/1556global optimizationdifferential evolutionbenchmark suitemechanismsstatistical testsperformance
spellingShingle Janez Brest
Mirjam Sepesy Maučec
Comparative Study of Modern Differential Evolution Algorithms: Perspectives on Mechanisms and Performance
Mathematics
global optimization
differential evolution
benchmark suite
mechanisms
statistical tests
performance
title Comparative Study of Modern Differential Evolution Algorithms: Perspectives on Mechanisms and Performance
title_full Comparative Study of Modern Differential Evolution Algorithms: Perspectives on Mechanisms and Performance
title_fullStr Comparative Study of Modern Differential Evolution Algorithms: Perspectives on Mechanisms and Performance
title_full_unstemmed Comparative Study of Modern Differential Evolution Algorithms: Perspectives on Mechanisms and Performance
title_short Comparative Study of Modern Differential Evolution Algorithms: Perspectives on Mechanisms and Performance
title_sort comparative study of modern differential evolution algorithms perspectives on mechanisms and performance
topic global optimization
differential evolution
benchmark suite
mechanisms
statistical tests
performance
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/10/1556
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