Effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground level ozone (O3) on epilepsy

Abstract Background Epilepsy is a common condition that affects the brain and causes frequent seizures. Impaired brain biology is the world’s fastest-growing brain disorder, and exposure to environmental pollutants is the leading cause of mental health impairment. The growing literature suggests tha...

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Main Authors: Bandar Nasser Aljafen, Narmeen Shaikh, Joud Mohammed AlKhalifah, Sultan Ayoub Meo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-04-01
Series:BMC Neurology
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-025-04142-3
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author Bandar Nasser Aljafen
Narmeen Shaikh
Joud Mohammed AlKhalifah
Sultan Ayoub Meo
author_facet Bandar Nasser Aljafen
Narmeen Shaikh
Joud Mohammed AlKhalifah
Sultan Ayoub Meo
author_sort Bandar Nasser Aljafen
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Epilepsy is a common condition that affects the brain and causes frequent seizures. Impaired brain biology is the world’s fastest-growing brain disorder, and exposure to environmental pollutants is the leading cause of mental health impairment. The growing literature suggests that air pollution is an emerging cause of neurological diseases. However, the existing evidence on air pollution and epilepsy is inadequate. This study aimed to investigate the effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone (O3) on epilepsy. Methods This study recorded data on air pollutants and epilepsy using the electronic platforms Pub Med, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The keywords included for the literature search were based on two main aspects: exposure (air pollutants) and outcome (epilepsy). Initially, 78 articles and reports were identified, and after revising the abstracts and full articles, 06 studies were selected for a detailed analysis and discussion. The Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted to investigate the impact between air pollutants and epilepsy. The effect of air pollution on epilepsy has been investigated through a compilation of six studies encompassing 371,515 individuals. The Cochrane chi-squared test (Chi2), fixed-effects design was used when I2 < 50% and P > 0.05; otherwise, a random-effects model was adopted. Results The results revealed that exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 were positively and significantly associated with epilepsy (RR = 1.00; 95% CI: 1.00-1.01; p = 0.03), NO2 (RR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02–1.03; p < 0.01). However, no association was identified between PM10, SO2, CO, and O3 with epilepsy. The results suggest a potential association between air pollution exposure and epilepsy. Conclusions Air pollutants PM2.5 and NO2 increase the risk of epilepsy. The findings suggest that reducing levels of these pollutants could be a strategic approach to mitigate neurological health risks in populations worldwide. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and causal relationships between air pollutants and epilepsy. Public health initiatives aimed at reducing air pollution levels and targeted interventions to protect vulnerable populations hold promise for alleviating the burden of epilepsy associated with environmental exposures.
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spelling doaj-art-9400e524a47849689a3505282b2dc5812025-08-20T01:51:32ZengBMCBMC Neurology1471-23772025-04-0125111010.1186/s12883-025-04142-3Effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground level ozone (O3) on epilepsyBandar Nasser Aljafen0Narmeen Shaikh1Joud Mohammed AlKhalifah2Sultan Ayoub Meo3Department of Medicine (Neurology Unit), College of Medicine, King Saud UniversityCollege of Medicine, King Saud UniversityCollege of Medicine, King Saud UniversityDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud UniversityAbstract Background Epilepsy is a common condition that affects the brain and causes frequent seizures. Impaired brain biology is the world’s fastest-growing brain disorder, and exposure to environmental pollutants is the leading cause of mental health impairment. The growing literature suggests that air pollution is an emerging cause of neurological diseases. However, the existing evidence on air pollution and epilepsy is inadequate. This study aimed to investigate the effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone (O3) on epilepsy. Methods This study recorded data on air pollutants and epilepsy using the electronic platforms Pub Med, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The keywords included for the literature search were based on two main aspects: exposure (air pollutants) and outcome (epilepsy). Initially, 78 articles and reports were identified, and after revising the abstracts and full articles, 06 studies were selected for a detailed analysis and discussion. The Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted to investigate the impact between air pollutants and epilepsy. The effect of air pollution on epilepsy has been investigated through a compilation of six studies encompassing 371,515 individuals. The Cochrane chi-squared test (Chi2), fixed-effects design was used when I2 < 50% and P > 0.05; otherwise, a random-effects model was adopted. Results The results revealed that exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 were positively and significantly associated with epilepsy (RR = 1.00; 95% CI: 1.00-1.01; p = 0.03), NO2 (RR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02–1.03; p < 0.01). However, no association was identified between PM10, SO2, CO, and O3 with epilepsy. The results suggest a potential association between air pollution exposure and epilepsy. Conclusions Air pollutants PM2.5 and NO2 increase the risk of epilepsy. The findings suggest that reducing levels of these pollutants could be a strategic approach to mitigate neurological health risks in populations worldwide. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and causal relationships between air pollutants and epilepsy. Public health initiatives aimed at reducing air pollution levels and targeted interventions to protect vulnerable populations hold promise for alleviating the burden of epilepsy associated with environmental exposures.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-025-04142-3Environmental PollutionParticulate MatterPM2.5PM10Smog SeizuresEpilepsy
spellingShingle Bandar Nasser Aljafen
Narmeen Shaikh
Joud Mohammed AlKhalifah
Sultan Ayoub Meo
Effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground level ozone (O3) on epilepsy
BMC Neurology
Environmental Pollution
Particulate Matter
PM2.5
PM10
Smog Seizures
Epilepsy
title Effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground level ozone (O3) on epilepsy
title_full Effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground level ozone (O3) on epilepsy
title_fullStr Effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground level ozone (O3) on epilepsy
title_full_unstemmed Effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground level ozone (O3) on epilepsy
title_short Effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground level ozone (O3) on epilepsy
title_sort effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter pm2 5 pm10 nitrogen dioxide no2 sulfur dioxide so2 carbon monoxide co and ground level ozone o3 on epilepsy
topic Environmental Pollution
Particulate Matter
PM2.5
PM10
Smog Seizures
Epilepsy
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-025-04142-3
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