Unraveling the interactive effect of opaque2 and waxy1 genes on kernel nutritional qualities and physical properties in maize (Zea mays L.)
Abstract The mutant waxy allele (wx1) is responsible for increased amylopectin in maize starch, with a wide range of food and industrial applications. The amino acid profile of waxy maize resembles normal maize, making it particularly deficient in lysine and tryptophan. Therefore, the present study...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| author | Subhra J. Mishra Ikkurti Gopinath Vignesh Muthusamy Rajkumar U. Zunjare Gulab Chand Arun K. T. Venkatesh Elangbam L. Devi Konsam Sarika Zahirul A. Talukder Jitender Kumar Firoz Hossain |
| author_facet | Subhra J. Mishra Ikkurti Gopinath Vignesh Muthusamy Rajkumar U. Zunjare Gulab Chand Arun K. T. Venkatesh Elangbam L. Devi Konsam Sarika Zahirul A. Talukder Jitender Kumar Firoz Hossain |
| author_sort | Subhra J. Mishra |
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| description | Abstract The mutant waxy allele (wx1) is responsible for increased amylopectin in maize starch, with a wide range of food and industrial applications. The amino acid profile of waxy maize resembles normal maize, making it particularly deficient in lysine and tryptophan. Therefore, the present study explored the combined effects of genes governing carbohydrate and protein composition on nutritional profile and kernel physical properties by crossing Quality Protein Maize (QPM) (o2o2/wx1 + wx1 + ) and waxy (o2 + o2 + /wx1wx1) parents. Selected homozygous genotypic classes from F2 populations showed that double mutants (o2o2/wx1wx1) had the highest amount of lysine (mean: 0.396%), tryptophan (mean: 0.099%), and amylopectin (mean: 98.56%) than respective single mutants (o2o2/wx1 + wx1 + : lysine: 0.338%, tryptophan: 0.083%, amylopectin: 74.66%; o2 + o2 + /wx1wx1: lysine: 0.223%, tryptophan: 0.040%, amylopectin: 95.21%). The wx1 was found to impart an enhanced effect on the lysine and tryptophan, while o2 complemented enhanced amylopectin content in the population in the o2 + o2 + and wx1 + wx1 + genotypic background, respectively, besides o2o2wx1wx1 genotypes. The pattern of kernel hardness observed based on average genotypic values was o2 + o2 + /wx1 + wx1 + (401.28 N) < o2 + o2 + /wx1wx1 (330.99 N) < o2o2/wx1wx1 (304.28 N) < o2o2/wx1 + wx1 + (210.96 N). Therefore, with the distinctive effects of wx1 and o2, improving lysine, tryptophan, and amylopectin while maintaining kernel hardness is feasible while breeding for o2o2/wx1wx1 germplasm and enhancing the utilization spectrum of waxy maize. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-93df45f6ec7949a6bb95ccb0d4746976 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-93df45f6ec7949a6bb95ccb0d47469762025-02-02T12:22:42ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-87666-5Unraveling the interactive effect of opaque2 and waxy1 genes on kernel nutritional qualities and physical properties in maize (Zea mays L.)Subhra J. Mishra0Ikkurti Gopinath1Vignesh Muthusamy2Rajkumar U. Zunjare3Gulab Chand4Arun K. T. Venkatesh5Elangbam L. Devi6Konsam Sarika7Zahirul A. Talukder8Jitender Kumar9Firoz Hossain10ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteICAR-Research Complex for North-Eastern Hill Region CentreICAR-Research Complex for North-Eastern Hill Region CentreICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteAmity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity UniversityICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteAbstract The mutant waxy allele (wx1) is responsible for increased amylopectin in maize starch, with a wide range of food and industrial applications. The amino acid profile of waxy maize resembles normal maize, making it particularly deficient in lysine and tryptophan. Therefore, the present study explored the combined effects of genes governing carbohydrate and protein composition on nutritional profile and kernel physical properties by crossing Quality Protein Maize (QPM) (o2o2/wx1 + wx1 + ) and waxy (o2 + o2 + /wx1wx1) parents. Selected homozygous genotypic classes from F2 populations showed that double mutants (o2o2/wx1wx1) had the highest amount of lysine (mean: 0.396%), tryptophan (mean: 0.099%), and amylopectin (mean: 98.56%) than respective single mutants (o2o2/wx1 + wx1 + : lysine: 0.338%, tryptophan: 0.083%, amylopectin: 74.66%; o2 + o2 + /wx1wx1: lysine: 0.223%, tryptophan: 0.040%, amylopectin: 95.21%). The wx1 was found to impart an enhanced effect on the lysine and tryptophan, while o2 complemented enhanced amylopectin content in the population in the o2 + o2 + and wx1 + wx1 + genotypic background, respectively, besides o2o2wx1wx1 genotypes. The pattern of kernel hardness observed based on average genotypic values was o2 + o2 + /wx1 + wx1 + (401.28 N) < o2 + o2 + /wx1wx1 (330.99 N) < o2o2/wx1wx1 (304.28 N) < o2o2/wx1 + wx1 + (210.96 N). Therefore, with the distinctive effects of wx1 and o2, improving lysine, tryptophan, and amylopectin while maintaining kernel hardness is feasible while breeding for o2o2/wx1wx1 germplasm and enhancing the utilization spectrum of waxy maize.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87666-5Waxy maizeAmylopectinopaque2Nutritional profileKernel physical propertiesSynergistic interaction |
| spellingShingle | Subhra J. Mishra Ikkurti Gopinath Vignesh Muthusamy Rajkumar U. Zunjare Gulab Chand Arun K. T. Venkatesh Elangbam L. Devi Konsam Sarika Zahirul A. Talukder Jitender Kumar Firoz Hossain Unraveling the interactive effect of opaque2 and waxy1 genes on kernel nutritional qualities and physical properties in maize (Zea mays L.) Scientific Reports Waxy maize Amylopectin opaque2 Nutritional profile Kernel physical properties Synergistic interaction |
| title | Unraveling the interactive effect of opaque2 and waxy1 genes on kernel nutritional qualities and physical properties in maize (Zea mays L.) |
| title_full | Unraveling the interactive effect of opaque2 and waxy1 genes on kernel nutritional qualities and physical properties in maize (Zea mays L.) |
| title_fullStr | Unraveling the interactive effect of opaque2 and waxy1 genes on kernel nutritional qualities and physical properties in maize (Zea mays L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unraveling the interactive effect of opaque2 and waxy1 genes on kernel nutritional qualities and physical properties in maize (Zea mays L.) |
| title_short | Unraveling the interactive effect of opaque2 and waxy1 genes on kernel nutritional qualities and physical properties in maize (Zea mays L.) |
| title_sort | unraveling the interactive effect of opaque2 and waxy1 genes on kernel nutritional qualities and physical properties in maize zea mays l |
| topic | Waxy maize Amylopectin opaque2 Nutritional profile Kernel physical properties Synergistic interaction |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87666-5 |
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