Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought Variation from 2001 to 2023 in the China–Mongolia–Russia Transboundary Heilongjiang River Basin Based on ITVDI
Drought impacts agricultural production and regional sustainable development. Accordingly, timely and accurate drought monitoring is essential for ensuring food security in rain-fed agricultural regions. Alternating drought and flood events frequently occur in the Heilongjiang River Basin, the large...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Weihao Zou Juanle Wang Congrong Li Keming Yang Denis Fetisov Jiawei Jiang Meng Liu Yaping Liu |
| author_facet | Weihao Zou Juanle Wang Congrong Li Keming Yang Denis Fetisov Jiawei Jiang Meng Liu Yaping Liu |
| author_sort | Weihao Zou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Drought impacts agricultural production and regional sustainable development. Accordingly, timely and accurate drought monitoring is essential for ensuring food security in rain-fed agricultural regions. Alternating drought and flood events frequently occur in the Heilongjiang River Basin, the largest grain-producing area in Far East Asia. However, spatiotemporal variability in drought is not well understood, in part owing to the limitations of the traditional Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI). In this study, an Improved Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (ITVDI) was developed by incorporating Digital Elevation Model data to correct land surface temperatures and introducing a constraint line method to replace the traditional linear regression for fitting dry–wet boundaries. Based on MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) normalized vegetation index and land surface temperature products, the Heilongjiang River Basin, a cross-border basin between China, Mongolia, and Russia, exhibited pronounced spatiotemporal variability in drought conditions of the growing season from 2001 to 2023. Drought severity demonstrated clear geographical zonation, with a higher intensity in the western region and lower intensity in the eastern region. The Mongolian Plateau and grasslands were identified as drought hotspots. The Far East Asia forest belt was relatively humid, with an overall lower drought risk. The central region exhibited variation in drought characteristics. From the perspective of cross-national differences, the drought severity distribution in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia exhibits marked spatial heterogeneity. In Mongolia, regional drought levels exhibited a notable trend toward homogenization, with a higher proportion of extreme drought than in other areas. The overall drought risk in the Russian part of the basin was relatively low. A trend analysis indicated a general pattern of drought alleviation in western regions and intensification in eastern areas. Most regions showed relatively stable patterns, with few areas exhibiting significant changes, mainly surrounding cities such as Qiqihar, Daqing, Harbin, Changchun, and Amur Oblast. Regions with aggravation accounted for 52.29% of the total study area, while regions showing slight alleviation account for 35.58%. This study provides a scientific basis and data infrastructure for drought monitoring in transboundary watersheds and for ensuring agricultural production security. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-93cd9b1e1fd6455bae7ca0d33f8fb092 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-93cd9b1e1fd6455bae7ca0d33f8fb0922025-08-20T03:56:47ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-07-011714236610.3390/rs17142366Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought Variation from 2001 to 2023 in the China–Mongolia–Russia Transboundary Heilongjiang River Basin Based on ITVDIWeihao Zou0Juanle Wang1Congrong Li2Keming Yang3Denis Fetisov4Jiawei Jiang5Meng Liu6Yaping Liu7College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaCollege of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaInstitute for Complex Analysis of Regional Problems, Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 679016 Birobidzhan, RussiaCollege of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaCollege of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaDrought impacts agricultural production and regional sustainable development. Accordingly, timely and accurate drought monitoring is essential for ensuring food security in rain-fed agricultural regions. Alternating drought and flood events frequently occur in the Heilongjiang River Basin, the largest grain-producing area in Far East Asia. However, spatiotemporal variability in drought is not well understood, in part owing to the limitations of the traditional Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI). In this study, an Improved Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (ITVDI) was developed by incorporating Digital Elevation Model data to correct land surface temperatures and introducing a constraint line method to replace the traditional linear regression for fitting dry–wet boundaries. Based on MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) normalized vegetation index and land surface temperature products, the Heilongjiang River Basin, a cross-border basin between China, Mongolia, and Russia, exhibited pronounced spatiotemporal variability in drought conditions of the growing season from 2001 to 2023. Drought severity demonstrated clear geographical zonation, with a higher intensity in the western region and lower intensity in the eastern region. The Mongolian Plateau and grasslands were identified as drought hotspots. The Far East Asia forest belt was relatively humid, with an overall lower drought risk. The central region exhibited variation in drought characteristics. From the perspective of cross-national differences, the drought severity distribution in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia exhibits marked spatial heterogeneity. In Mongolia, regional drought levels exhibited a notable trend toward homogenization, with a higher proportion of extreme drought than in other areas. The overall drought risk in the Russian part of the basin was relatively low. A trend analysis indicated a general pattern of drought alleviation in western regions and intensification in eastern areas. Most regions showed relatively stable patterns, with few areas exhibiting significant changes, mainly surrounding cities such as Qiqihar, Daqing, Harbin, Changchun, and Amur Oblast. Regions with aggravation accounted for 52.29% of the total study area, while regions showing slight alleviation account for 35.58%. This study provides a scientific basis and data infrastructure for drought monitoring in transboundary watersheds and for ensuring agricultural production security.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/14/2366droughtHeilongjiang River BasinTVDIconstrained line fitting methodITVDIChina–Mongolia–Russia transboundary region |
| spellingShingle | Weihao Zou Juanle Wang Congrong Li Keming Yang Denis Fetisov Jiawei Jiang Meng Liu Yaping Liu Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought Variation from 2001 to 2023 in the China–Mongolia–Russia Transboundary Heilongjiang River Basin Based on ITVDI Remote Sensing drought Heilongjiang River Basin TVDI constrained line fitting method ITVDI China–Mongolia–Russia transboundary region |
| title | Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought Variation from 2001 to 2023 in the China–Mongolia–Russia Transboundary Heilongjiang River Basin Based on ITVDI |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought Variation from 2001 to 2023 in the China–Mongolia–Russia Transboundary Heilongjiang River Basin Based on ITVDI |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought Variation from 2001 to 2023 in the China–Mongolia–Russia Transboundary Heilongjiang River Basin Based on ITVDI |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought Variation from 2001 to 2023 in the China–Mongolia–Russia Transboundary Heilongjiang River Basin Based on ITVDI |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought Variation from 2001 to 2023 in the China–Mongolia–Russia Transboundary Heilongjiang River Basin Based on ITVDI |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal analysis of drought variation from 2001 to 2023 in the china mongolia russia transboundary heilongjiang river basin based on itvdi |
| topic | drought Heilongjiang River Basin TVDI constrained line fitting method ITVDI China–Mongolia–Russia transboundary region |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/14/2366 |
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