Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea

Live bird markets (LBMs) in Korea have been recognized as a reservoir, amplifier, and source of avian influenza viruses (AIVs); however, little was known about the role of LBMs in the epidemiology of AIVs in Korea until recently. Through 10 years of surveillance (2006–2016) we have isolated and sequ...

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Main Authors: Sung-su Youk, Dong-Hun Lee, Jei-Hyun Jeong, Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood, Chang-seon Song, David E. Swayne
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2020-01-01
Series:Emerging Microbes and Infections
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/22221751.2020.1738903
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author Sung-su Youk
Dong-Hun Lee
Jei-Hyun Jeong
Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
Chang-seon Song
David E. Swayne
author_facet Sung-su Youk
Dong-Hun Lee
Jei-Hyun Jeong
Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
Chang-seon Song
David E. Swayne
author_sort Sung-su Youk
collection DOAJ
description Live bird markets (LBMs) in Korea have been recognized as a reservoir, amplifier, and source of avian influenza viruses (AIVs); however, little was known about the role of LBMs in the epidemiology of AIVs in Korea until recently. Through 10 years of surveillance (2006–2016) we have isolated and sequenced H9N2 viruses in Korean LBMs. To understand how H9N2 evolves and spreads in Korea, a statistical Bayesian phylogenetic model was used. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that three separate introductions of progenitor gene pools, Korean domestic duck-origin and two wild aquatic bird-origin AIVs, contributed to the generation of the five genotypes of H9N2 viruses in Korea. Phylogenetic reconstruction of ecological states infer that the LBMs are where chickens become infected with the virus, with domestic ducks playing a major role in the transmission and evolution of the H9N2 viruses. Three increases in the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses were observed and coincided with transitions in host species and the locations (domestic farm, LBM, slaughterhouse, and wild aquatic bird habitat) where the viruses were isolated, accompanying genetic reassortment. Following the introduction of a wild aquatic bird-origin AIVs in 2008, six genes of the Korean lineage H9N2 virus were replaced with genes originating from wild aquatic birds, and viruses with this new genotype became predominant in Korean LBMs.
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spelling doaj-art-938cacf50a19481b878ca93052a52e7c2025-08-20T03:08:31ZengTaylor & Francis GroupEmerging Microbes and Infections2222-17512020-01-019161662710.1080/22221751.2020.1738903Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in KoreaSung-su Youk0Dong-Hun Lee1Jei-Hyun Jeong2Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood3Chang-seon Song4David E. Swayne5Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USAExotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USAAvian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, KoreaExotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USAAvian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, KoreaExotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USALive bird markets (LBMs) in Korea have been recognized as a reservoir, amplifier, and source of avian influenza viruses (AIVs); however, little was known about the role of LBMs in the epidemiology of AIVs in Korea until recently. Through 10 years of surveillance (2006–2016) we have isolated and sequenced H9N2 viruses in Korean LBMs. To understand how H9N2 evolves and spreads in Korea, a statistical Bayesian phylogenetic model was used. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that three separate introductions of progenitor gene pools, Korean domestic duck-origin and two wild aquatic bird-origin AIVs, contributed to the generation of the five genotypes of H9N2 viruses in Korea. Phylogenetic reconstruction of ecological states infer that the LBMs are where chickens become infected with the virus, with domestic ducks playing a major role in the transmission and evolution of the H9N2 viruses. Three increases in the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses were observed and coincided with transitions in host species and the locations (domestic farm, LBM, slaughterhouse, and wild aquatic bird habitat) where the viruses were isolated, accompanying genetic reassortment. Following the introduction of a wild aquatic bird-origin AIVs in 2008, six genes of the Korean lineage H9N2 virus were replaced with genes originating from wild aquatic birds, and viruses with this new genotype became predominant in Korean LBMs.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/22221751.2020.1738903Avian influenzaKorean H9N2live bird marketevolutionreassortmentecology
spellingShingle Sung-su Youk
Dong-Hun Lee
Jei-Hyun Jeong
Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
Chang-seon Song
David E. Swayne
Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea
Emerging Microbes and Infections
Avian influenza
Korean H9N2
live bird market
evolution
reassortment
ecology
title Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea
title_full Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea
title_fullStr Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea
title_full_unstemmed Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea
title_short Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea
title_sort live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of h9n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in korea
topic Avian influenza
Korean H9N2
live bird market
evolution
reassortment
ecology
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/22221751.2020.1738903
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