The Cost of Heat: Health and Economic Burdens in Three Brazilian Cities
Excess mortality due to heat is a major public health concern globally. In this study, we investigated the association between extreme heat and mortality in three distinct locations in São Paulo state, Brazil—São Paulo city (the capital), Campinas (a large countryside city), and Marília (a typical m...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Daniela Debone Nilton Manuel Évora do Rosário Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia |
| author_facet | Daniela Debone Nilton Manuel Évora do Rosário Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia |
| author_sort | Daniela Debone |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Excess mortality due to heat is a major public health concern globally. In this study, we investigated the association between extreme heat and mortality in three distinct locations in São Paulo state, Brazil—São Paulo city (the capital), Campinas (a large countryside city), and Marília (a typical medium-sized rural city)—from 2004 to 2018. We applied a generalized linear model (GLM) with a Poisson distribution and a logarithmic link function for each city, using the excess heat factor (EHF) as the exposure metric. The results showed that increases in the EHF were associated with relative risks of 1.0018 (95% CI: 1.0015–1.0022) in São Paulo, 1.0029 (95% CI: 1.0023–1.0036) in Campinas, and 1.0033 (95% CI: 1.0025–1.0041) in Marília. Altogether, 2319 heat-attributable deaths were estimated, representing an economic burden of USD 6.03 billion based on the value of a statistical life. By integrating economic valuation with mortality risk estimates, our study offers a broader perspective on the consequences of extreme heat, reinforcing the need for public health and policy interventions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-937d174fb6c144a590b53db45b97afb6 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj-art-937d174fb6c144a590b53db45b97afb62025-08-20T02:45:43ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332025-06-0116775510.3390/atmos16070755The Cost of Heat: Health and Economic Burdens in Three Brazilian CitiesDaniela Debone0Nilton Manuel Évora do Rosário1Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia2Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema 09913-030, BrazilDepartamento de Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema 09913-030, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema 09913-030, BrazilExcess mortality due to heat is a major public health concern globally. In this study, we investigated the association between extreme heat and mortality in three distinct locations in São Paulo state, Brazil—São Paulo city (the capital), Campinas (a large countryside city), and Marília (a typical medium-sized rural city)—from 2004 to 2018. We applied a generalized linear model (GLM) with a Poisson distribution and a logarithmic link function for each city, using the excess heat factor (EHF) as the exposure metric. The results showed that increases in the EHF were associated with relative risks of 1.0018 (95% CI: 1.0015–1.0022) in São Paulo, 1.0029 (95% CI: 1.0023–1.0036) in Campinas, and 1.0033 (95% CI: 1.0025–1.0041) in Marília. Altogether, 2319 heat-attributable deaths were estimated, representing an economic burden of USD 6.03 billion based on the value of a statistical life. By integrating economic valuation with mortality risk estimates, our study offers a broader perspective on the consequences of extreme heat, reinforcing the need for public health and policy interventions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/7/755heat-related mortalityexcess heat factorhealth impact assessmentvalue of statistical life |
| spellingShingle | Daniela Debone Nilton Manuel Évora do Rosário Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia The Cost of Heat: Health and Economic Burdens in Three Brazilian Cities Atmosphere heat-related mortality excess heat factor health impact assessment value of statistical life |
| title | The Cost of Heat: Health and Economic Burdens in Three Brazilian Cities |
| title_full | The Cost of Heat: Health and Economic Burdens in Three Brazilian Cities |
| title_fullStr | The Cost of Heat: Health and Economic Burdens in Three Brazilian Cities |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Cost of Heat: Health and Economic Burdens in Three Brazilian Cities |
| title_short | The Cost of Heat: Health and Economic Burdens in Three Brazilian Cities |
| title_sort | cost of heat health and economic burdens in three brazilian cities |
| topic | heat-related mortality excess heat factor health impact assessment value of statistical life |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/7/755 |
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