Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and Other Bacteria
<b>Background:</b> In recent years, significant resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has been observed. A biofilm is a structure that significantly aids the survival of the microbial population and also significantly affects its resistance. <b>Methods:</b> Thyme and cl...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Leona Hofmeisterová Tomáš Bajer Maciej Walczak David Šilha |
| author_facet | Leona Hofmeisterová Tomáš Bajer Maciej Walczak David Šilha |
| author_sort | Leona Hofmeisterová |
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| description | <b>Background:</b> In recent years, significant resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has been observed. A biofilm is a structure that significantly aids the survival of the microbial population and also significantly affects its resistance. <b>Methods:</b> Thyme and clove essential oils (EOs) were subjected to chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect of these EOs was tested in both the liquid and vapor phases using the volatilization method. The effect of the EOs on growth parameters was monitored using an RTS-8 bioreactor. However, the effect of the EOs on the biofilm formation of commonly occurring bacteria with pathogenic potential was also monitored, but for less described and yet clinically important strains of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. <b>Results:</b> In total, 37 and 28 compounds were identified in the thyme and clove EO samples, respectively. The most common were terpenes and also derivatives of phenolic substances. Both EOs exhibited antimicrobial activity in the liquid and/or vapor phase against at least some strains. The determined antimicrobial activity of thyme and clove oil was in the range of 32–1024 µg/mL in the liquid phase and 512–1024 µg/mL in the vapor phase, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial effect are also supported by similar conclusions from monitoring growth curves using the RTS bioreactor. The effect of EOs on biofilm formation differed between strains. Biofilm formation of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> was completely suppressed in an environment with a thyme EO concentration of 1024 µg/mL. On the other hand, increased biofilm formation was found, e.g., in an environment of low concentration (1–32 µg/mL). <b>Conclusions:</b> The potential of using natural matrices as antimicrobials or preservatives is evident. The effect of these EOs on biofilm formation, especially <i>Arcobacter</i> strains, is described for the first time. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj-art-9360ff9fcb344844963abd60dfb6ed612025-08-20T02:00:59ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822024-12-011312123210.3390/antibiotics13121232Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and Other BacteriaLeona Hofmeisterová0Tomáš Bajer1Maciej Walczak2David Šilha3Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech RepublicDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech RepublicDepartment of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, PolandDepartment of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic<b>Background:</b> In recent years, significant resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has been observed. A biofilm is a structure that significantly aids the survival of the microbial population and also significantly affects its resistance. <b>Methods:</b> Thyme and clove essential oils (EOs) were subjected to chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect of these EOs was tested in both the liquid and vapor phases using the volatilization method. The effect of the EOs on growth parameters was monitored using an RTS-8 bioreactor. However, the effect of the EOs on the biofilm formation of commonly occurring bacteria with pathogenic potential was also monitored, but for less described and yet clinically important strains of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. <b>Results:</b> In total, 37 and 28 compounds were identified in the thyme and clove EO samples, respectively. The most common were terpenes and also derivatives of phenolic substances. Both EOs exhibited antimicrobial activity in the liquid and/or vapor phase against at least some strains. The determined antimicrobial activity of thyme and clove oil was in the range of 32–1024 µg/mL in the liquid phase and 512–1024 µg/mL in the vapor phase, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial effect are also supported by similar conclusions from monitoring growth curves using the RTS bioreactor. The effect of EOs on biofilm formation differed between strains. Biofilm formation of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> was completely suppressed in an environment with a thyme EO concentration of 1024 µg/mL. On the other hand, increased biofilm formation was found, e.g., in an environment of low concentration (1–32 µg/mL). <b>Conclusions:</b> The potential of using natural matrices as antimicrobials or preservatives is evident. The effect of these EOs on biofilm formation, especially <i>Arcobacter</i> strains, is described for the first time.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1232antimicrobial effect<i>Arcobacter</i>biofilm formationcloveessential oilthyme |
| spellingShingle | Leona Hofmeisterová Tomáš Bajer Maciej Walczak David Šilha Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and Other Bacteria Antibiotics antimicrobial effect <i>Arcobacter</i> biofilm formation clove essential oil thyme |
| title | Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and Other Bacteria |
| title_full | Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and Other Bacteria |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and Other Bacteria |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and Other Bacteria |
| title_short | Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and Other Bacteria |
| title_sort | chemical composition and antibacterial effect of clove and thyme essential oils on growth inhibition and biofilm formation of i arcobacter i spp and other bacteria |
| topic | antimicrobial effect <i>Arcobacter</i> biofilm formation clove essential oil thyme |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1232 |
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