A Physics- and Data-Driven Study on the Ground Effect on the Propulsive Performance of Tandem Flapping Wings
In this paper, we present a physics- and data-driven study on the ground effect on the propulsive performance of tandem flapping wings. With numerical simulations, the impact of the ground effect on the aerodynamic force, energy consumption, and efficiency is analyzed, revealing a unique coupling ef...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| author | Ningyu Duan Chao Wang Jianyou Zhou Pan Jia Zheng Zhong |
| author_facet | Ningyu Duan Chao Wang Jianyou Zhou Pan Jia Zheng Zhong |
| author_sort | Ningyu Duan |
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| description | In this paper, we present a physics- and data-driven study on the ground effect on the propulsive performance of tandem flapping wings. With numerical simulations, the impact of the ground effect on the aerodynamic force, energy consumption, and efficiency is analyzed, revealing a unique coupling effect between the ground effect and the wing–wing interference. It is found that, for smaller phase differences between the front and rear wings, the thrust is higher, and the boosting effect due to the ground on the rear wing (maximum of 12.33%) is lower than that on a single wing (maximum of 43.83%) For a larger phase difference, a lower thrust is observed, and it is also found that the boosting effect on the rear wing is above that on a single wing. Further, based on the bidirectional gate recurrent units (BiGRUs) time-series neural network, a surrogate model is further developed to predict the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of tandem flapping wings under the ground effect. The surrogate model exhibits high predictive precision for aerodynamic forces, energy consumption, and efficiency. On the test set, the relative errors of the time-averaged values range from −4% to 2%, while the root mean squared error of the transient values is less than 0.1. Meanwhile, it should be pointed out that the established surrogate model also demonstrates strong generalization capability. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the ground effect mechanism and provide valuable insights for the aerodynamic design of tandem flapping-wing air vehicles operating near the ground. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-93587daf4d97440aacdaa122c6a475bc |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2226-4310 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Aerospace |
| spelling | doaj-art-93587daf4d97440aacdaa122c6a475bc2025-08-20T02:08:11ZengMDPI AGAerospace2226-43102024-11-01111190410.3390/aerospace11110904A Physics- and Data-Driven Study on the Ground Effect on the Propulsive Performance of Tandem Flapping WingsNingyu Duan0Chao Wang1Jianyou Zhou2Pan Jia3Zheng Zhong4School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, ChinaSchool of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, ChinaSchool of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, ChinaSchool of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, ChinaIn this paper, we present a physics- and data-driven study on the ground effect on the propulsive performance of tandem flapping wings. With numerical simulations, the impact of the ground effect on the aerodynamic force, energy consumption, and efficiency is analyzed, revealing a unique coupling effect between the ground effect and the wing–wing interference. It is found that, for smaller phase differences between the front and rear wings, the thrust is higher, and the boosting effect due to the ground on the rear wing (maximum of 12.33%) is lower than that on a single wing (maximum of 43.83%) For a larger phase difference, a lower thrust is observed, and it is also found that the boosting effect on the rear wing is above that on a single wing. Further, based on the bidirectional gate recurrent units (BiGRUs) time-series neural network, a surrogate model is further developed to predict the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of tandem flapping wings under the ground effect. The surrogate model exhibits high predictive precision for aerodynamic forces, energy consumption, and efficiency. On the test set, the relative errors of the time-averaged values range from −4% to 2%, while the root mean squared error of the transient values is less than 0.1. Meanwhile, it should be pointed out that the established surrogate model also demonstrates strong generalization capability. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the ground effect mechanism and provide valuable insights for the aerodynamic design of tandem flapping-wing air vehicles operating near the ground.https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/11/11/904tandem wingsground effectpropulsive performancebidirectional gate recurrent unitsurrogate model |
| spellingShingle | Ningyu Duan Chao Wang Jianyou Zhou Pan Jia Zheng Zhong A Physics- and Data-Driven Study on the Ground Effect on the Propulsive Performance of Tandem Flapping Wings Aerospace tandem wings ground effect propulsive performance bidirectional gate recurrent unit surrogate model |
| title | A Physics- and Data-Driven Study on the Ground Effect on the Propulsive Performance of Tandem Flapping Wings |
| title_full | A Physics- and Data-Driven Study on the Ground Effect on the Propulsive Performance of Tandem Flapping Wings |
| title_fullStr | A Physics- and Data-Driven Study on the Ground Effect on the Propulsive Performance of Tandem Flapping Wings |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Physics- and Data-Driven Study on the Ground Effect on the Propulsive Performance of Tandem Flapping Wings |
| title_short | A Physics- and Data-Driven Study on the Ground Effect on the Propulsive Performance of Tandem Flapping Wings |
| title_sort | physics and data driven study on the ground effect on the propulsive performance of tandem flapping wings |
| topic | tandem wings ground effect propulsive performance bidirectional gate recurrent unit surrogate model |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/11/11/904 |
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