Quality comparison of vinegar with traditional semi-solid natural fermentation and submerged fermentation from Zhejiang

In order to compare the quality of Zhejiang traditional semi-solid naturally fermented vinegar (M1 and M3) and submerged fermented vinegar (M2 and M4), the physicochemical properties, active components, volatile flavor compounds, and antioxidant activities of M1-M4 were measured, sensory properties...

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Main Author: ZHANG Fei, CHANG Guoli, LU Donghao, XU Weijiang, JIANG Yipeng, ZHU Junli, WANG Xinyu, LIU Xueying, LU Haixia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Editorial Department of China Brewing 2025-04-01
Series:Zhongguo niangzao
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Online Access:https://manu61.magtech.com.cn/zgnz/fileup/0254-5071/PDF/0254-5071-2025-44-4-184.pdf
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author ZHANG Fei, CHANG Guoli, LU Donghao, XU Weijiang, JIANG Yipeng, ZHU Junli, WANG Xinyu, LIU Xueying, LU Haixia
author_facet ZHANG Fei, CHANG Guoli, LU Donghao, XU Weijiang, JIANG Yipeng, ZHU Junli, WANG Xinyu, LIU Xueying, LU Haixia
author_sort ZHANG Fei, CHANG Guoli, LU Donghao, XU Weijiang, JIANG Yipeng, ZHU Junli, WANG Xinyu, LIU Xueying, LU Haixia
collection DOAJ
description In order to compare the quality of Zhejiang traditional semi-solid naturally fermented vinegar (M1 and M3) and submerged fermented vinegar (M2 and M4), the physicochemical properties, active components, volatile flavor compounds, and antioxidant activities of M1-M4 were measured, sensory properties were evaluated, and the correlation analysis based on the results was conducted. The results showed that the contents of reducing sugar, amino acid nitrogen, total phenols, and total flavonoids in M1 and M3 were significantly higher than those in M2 and M4 (P<0.05), a total of 8 organic acids and 17 free amino acids (including 8 essential amino acids) were identified in M1-M4, the contents of sweet and bitter amino acids in M1 and M3 were significantly higher than those in M2 and M4 (P<0.05), while the acetic acid contents in M2 and M4 (5.64 g/100 ml, 6.43 g/100 ml) were significantly higher than those in M1 and M3 (3.87 g/100 ml, 3.42 g/100 ml) (P<0.05). Compared to submerged fermented vinegar, traditional semi-solid naturally fermented vinegar had stronger antioxidant activity and better sensory quality. A total of 112 volatile flavor compounds were identified in M1-M4, and the total contents of volatile flavor compounds in the 4 vinegar samples were M4 (801.21 mg/L)>M3 (615.16 mg/L)>M1 (562.37 mg/L)>M2 (241.03 mg/L). Correlation analysis results showed that acetone and 3-acetyl-2-butanone could improve the ester aroma and sweetness, while amino acid nitrogen showed a significant positive correlation with sweetness (P<0.05). In conclusion, traditional semi-solid naturally fermented vinegar was superior in quality and sensory properties.
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publisher Editorial Department of China Brewing
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series Zhongguo niangzao
spelling doaj-art-92f795d7b2a9490899f6e36704bab82b2025-08-20T01:52:19ZengEditorial Department of China BrewingZhongguo niangzao0254-50712025-04-0144418418910.11882/j.issn.0254-5071.2025.04.027Quality comparison of vinegar with traditional semi-solid natural fermentation and submerged fermentation from ZhejiangZHANG Fei, CHANG Guoli, LU Donghao, XU Weijiang, JIANG Yipeng, ZHU Junli, WANG Xinyu, LIU Xueying, LU Haixia01.School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;;2.Xinchang Tianlao Food Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312599, China;;3.Ningbo Zuocanwang Seasoning Food Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315500, China;;4.Zhejiang Jiangxin Seasoning Food Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325103, ChinaIn order to compare the quality of Zhejiang traditional semi-solid naturally fermented vinegar (M1 and M3) and submerged fermented vinegar (M2 and M4), the physicochemical properties, active components, volatile flavor compounds, and antioxidant activities of M1-M4 were measured, sensory properties were evaluated, and the correlation analysis based on the results was conducted. The results showed that the contents of reducing sugar, amino acid nitrogen, total phenols, and total flavonoids in M1 and M3 were significantly higher than those in M2 and M4 (P<0.05), a total of 8 organic acids and 17 free amino acids (including 8 essential amino acids) were identified in M1-M4, the contents of sweet and bitter amino acids in M1 and M3 were significantly higher than those in M2 and M4 (P<0.05), while the acetic acid contents in M2 and M4 (5.64 g/100 ml, 6.43 g/100 ml) were significantly higher than those in M1 and M3 (3.87 g/100 ml, 3.42 g/100 ml) (P<0.05). Compared to submerged fermented vinegar, traditional semi-solid naturally fermented vinegar had stronger antioxidant activity and better sensory quality. A total of 112 volatile flavor compounds were identified in M1-M4, and the total contents of volatile flavor compounds in the 4 vinegar samples were M4 (801.21 mg/L)>M3 (615.16 mg/L)>M1 (562.37 mg/L)>M2 (241.03 mg/L). Correlation analysis results showed that acetone and 3-acetyl-2-butanone could improve the ester aroma and sweetness, while amino acid nitrogen showed a significant positive correlation with sweetness (P<0.05). In conclusion, traditional semi-solid naturally fermented vinegar was superior in quality and sensory properties.https://manu61.magtech.com.cn/zgnz/fileup/0254-5071/PDF/0254-5071-2025-44-4-184.pdfvinegar|traditional semi-solid natural fermentation|submerged fermentation|volatile flavor substance|antioxidant activity|quality
spellingShingle ZHANG Fei, CHANG Guoli, LU Donghao, XU Weijiang, JIANG Yipeng, ZHU Junli, WANG Xinyu, LIU Xueying, LU Haixia
Quality comparison of vinegar with traditional semi-solid natural fermentation and submerged fermentation from Zhejiang
Zhongguo niangzao
vinegar|traditional semi-solid natural fermentation|submerged fermentation|volatile flavor substance|antioxidant activity|quality
title Quality comparison of vinegar with traditional semi-solid natural fermentation and submerged fermentation from Zhejiang
title_full Quality comparison of vinegar with traditional semi-solid natural fermentation and submerged fermentation from Zhejiang
title_fullStr Quality comparison of vinegar with traditional semi-solid natural fermentation and submerged fermentation from Zhejiang
title_full_unstemmed Quality comparison of vinegar with traditional semi-solid natural fermentation and submerged fermentation from Zhejiang
title_short Quality comparison of vinegar with traditional semi-solid natural fermentation and submerged fermentation from Zhejiang
title_sort quality comparison of vinegar with traditional semi solid natural fermentation and submerged fermentation from zhejiang
topic vinegar|traditional semi-solid natural fermentation|submerged fermentation|volatile flavor substance|antioxidant activity|quality
url https://manu61.magtech.com.cn/zgnz/fileup/0254-5071/PDF/0254-5071-2025-44-4-184.pdf
work_keys_str_mv AT zhangfeichangguoliludonghaoxuweijiangjiangyipengzhujunliwangxinyuliuxueyingluhaixia qualitycomparisonofvinegarwithtraditionalsemisolidnaturalfermentationandsubmergedfermentationfromzhejiang