A novel approach for downscaling land surface temperature from 30 m to 10 m using land features multi-interaction

This paper explores the potential of downscaling Land Surface Temperature, LST, based on land features multi-interaction with a spatial regression multi-modelling. The Radiative Transfer Equation first helped to create an LST15 m layer over Landsat-OLI/TIRS. Next, a bilinear assessment of LST is con...

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Main Authors: Alfred Homère Ngandam Mfondoum, Sofia Hakdaoui, Ali Mihi, Ibrahima Diba, Mesmin Tchindjang, Luc Beni Moutila, Frederic Chamberlain Lounang Tchatchouang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-07-01
Series:Annals of GIS
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/19475683.2025.2525333
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author Alfred Homère Ngandam Mfondoum
Sofia Hakdaoui
Ali Mihi
Ibrahima Diba
Mesmin Tchindjang
Luc Beni Moutila
Frederic Chamberlain Lounang Tchatchouang
author_facet Alfred Homère Ngandam Mfondoum
Sofia Hakdaoui
Ali Mihi
Ibrahima Diba
Mesmin Tchindjang
Luc Beni Moutila
Frederic Chamberlain Lounang Tchatchouang
author_sort Alfred Homère Ngandam Mfondoum
collection DOAJ
description This paper explores the potential of downscaling Land Surface Temperature, LST, based on land features multi-interaction with a spatial regression multi-modelling. The Radiative Transfer Equation first helped to create an LST15 m layer over Landsat-OLI/TIRS. Next, a bilinear assessment of LST is conducted over elevation and hillshade, so to adjust shadow/brightness. Then, interactions are modelled on a feature-to-feature linear basis between spectral indices, SI’s, representing vegetation, built-up, soil, water and shadow. A multilinear regression model is further built between combined pairs of interactions and LST15 m. The first principal Component, PC1, of all subtractions of each pair of interactions from others is stacked with individual SI’s, to build another multi-regression model around LST15 m. Each of the three models is individually subtracted from LST15 m, normalized, [0–1], and their sum serves as the residuals layer. The downscaling step uses coefficients of the interactions model with PC1 over the corresponding Sentinel2-MSI 10 m SI’s, and adds back the gaussian-kernel of residuals. The Normalized Urban-High Spatial Resolution-Land Surface Temperature, NU-HSR-LST10 m, is the final product, that sharpens hot/cold spots, with a highly spread of values among land features. As supporting results, directions of relations with vegetation and built-up were improved, while unexpected relations were alternatively revealed (water) or reversed (soil, shadow); determination coefficients, R2, shows a strong correlation of NU-HSR-LST10 m to LST30 m (R2:[0.7304–0.9844]), even stronger with a closest model (R2:[0.85–0.99]); a variance analysis between NU-HSR-LST10 m and LST30 m is quasi-insignificant between [0.0002–0.00297]; and a root mean square error computed in a war-disturbed urban context, was lower for NU-HSR-LST10 m, [0.057–0.096], than for LST30 m,[0.106–0.151], as stability in dynamics depiction. Finally, the machine learning algorithm of random forest based on different seeds achieved overall accuracy between [0.92–1]. From these results, the downscaling process is efficient in better distinguishing contributions per land feature in diverse urban environments, while more cross-validation based on meteorological stations is still needed.
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1947-5691
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series Annals of GIS
spelling doaj-art-92a4f01801394828be7cedca1b7c9df92025-08-25T09:28:49ZengTaylor & Francis GroupAnnals of GIS1947-56831947-56912025-07-0131344947210.1080/19475683.2025.2525333A novel approach for downscaling land surface temperature from 30 m to 10 m using land features multi-interactionAlfred Homère Ngandam Mfondoum0Sofia Hakdaoui1Ali Mihi2Ibrahima Diba3Mesmin Tchindjang4Luc Beni Moutila5Frederic Chamberlain Lounang Tchatchouang6Stats’NMaps, Geospatial and Data Analysis Non-Profit Organization, Dallas, TX, USAGeoscience, Water and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, MoroccoDepartment of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa, AlgeriaDepartment of Physics, Laboratory of Oceanography, Environmental Sciences and Climate (LOSEC), Sciences and Technologies Research and Formation Unit (UFR-ST), Assane SECK University of Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor, SenegalNatural Resources Management Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, CameroonDepartment of Geography, University of Douala, Douala, CameroonNatural Resources Management Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, CameroonThis paper explores the potential of downscaling Land Surface Temperature, LST, based on land features multi-interaction with a spatial regression multi-modelling. The Radiative Transfer Equation first helped to create an LST15 m layer over Landsat-OLI/TIRS. Next, a bilinear assessment of LST is conducted over elevation and hillshade, so to adjust shadow/brightness. Then, interactions are modelled on a feature-to-feature linear basis between spectral indices, SI’s, representing vegetation, built-up, soil, water and shadow. A multilinear regression model is further built between combined pairs of interactions and LST15 m. The first principal Component, PC1, of all subtractions of each pair of interactions from others is stacked with individual SI’s, to build another multi-regression model around LST15 m. Each of the three models is individually subtracted from LST15 m, normalized, [0–1], and their sum serves as the residuals layer. The downscaling step uses coefficients of the interactions model with PC1 over the corresponding Sentinel2-MSI 10 m SI’s, and adds back the gaussian-kernel of residuals. The Normalized Urban-High Spatial Resolution-Land Surface Temperature, NU-HSR-LST10 m, is the final product, that sharpens hot/cold spots, with a highly spread of values among land features. As supporting results, directions of relations with vegetation and built-up were improved, while unexpected relations were alternatively revealed (water) or reversed (soil, shadow); determination coefficients, R2, shows a strong correlation of NU-HSR-LST10 m to LST30 m (R2:[0.7304–0.9844]), even stronger with a closest model (R2:[0.85–0.99]); a variance analysis between NU-HSR-LST10 m and LST30 m is quasi-insignificant between [0.0002–0.00297]; and a root mean square error computed in a war-disturbed urban context, was lower for NU-HSR-LST10 m, [0.057–0.096], than for LST30 m,[0.106–0.151], as stability in dynamics depiction. Finally, the machine learning algorithm of random forest based on different seeds achieved overall accuracy between [0.92–1]. From these results, the downscaling process is efficient in better distinguishing contributions per land feature in diverse urban environments, while more cross-validation based on meteorological stations is still needed.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/19475683.2025.2525333Downscalingland features multi-interactionspatial regression multi-modellingNormalized Urban-High Spatial Resolution-Land Surface Temperaturemachine learning
spellingShingle Alfred Homère Ngandam Mfondoum
Sofia Hakdaoui
Ali Mihi
Ibrahima Diba
Mesmin Tchindjang
Luc Beni Moutila
Frederic Chamberlain Lounang Tchatchouang
A novel approach for downscaling land surface temperature from 30 m to 10 m using land features multi-interaction
Annals of GIS
Downscaling
land features multi-interaction
spatial regression multi-modelling
Normalized Urban-High Spatial Resolution-Land Surface Temperature
machine learning
title A novel approach for downscaling land surface temperature from 30 m to 10 m using land features multi-interaction
title_full A novel approach for downscaling land surface temperature from 30 m to 10 m using land features multi-interaction
title_fullStr A novel approach for downscaling land surface temperature from 30 m to 10 m using land features multi-interaction
title_full_unstemmed A novel approach for downscaling land surface temperature from 30 m to 10 m using land features multi-interaction
title_short A novel approach for downscaling land surface temperature from 30 m to 10 m using land features multi-interaction
title_sort novel approach for downscaling land surface temperature from 30 m to 10 m using land features multi interaction
topic Downscaling
land features multi-interaction
spatial regression multi-modelling
Normalized Urban-High Spatial Resolution-Land Surface Temperature
machine learning
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/19475683.2025.2525333
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