Household living arrangements and disparities in hardship

BACKGROUND: Experiences of hardship, such as trouble paying bills and food insecurity, vary considerably across different household living arrangements, with relatively low levels among married-couple households. OBJECTIVE: We examine the extent to which disparities across household types can be exp...

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Main Authors: John Iceland, Jaehoon Cho
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2025-04-01
Series:Demographic Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/52/20
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author John Iceland
Jaehoon Cho
author_facet John Iceland
Jaehoon Cho
author_sort John Iceland
collection DOAJ
description BACKGROUND: Experiences of hardship, such as trouble paying bills and food insecurity, vary considerably across different household living arrangements, with relatively low levels among married-couple households. OBJECTIVE: We examine the extent to which disparities across household types can be explained by differences in income, non-income resources such as wealth, demographic characteristics, and socioeconomic characteristics such as education. METHODS: We used 2021 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and OLS regression and decomposition analysis to examine this issue. RESULTS: We confirmed that married-couple households experienced fewer hardships than other household types; single-parent families with children experienced the most hardships. Other household types, such as cohabiting couples and people living alone, fell in between. Among the factors associated with the differences, non-income resources – particularly wealth – played the most significant role, followed by income and then demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that income and especially the wealth-building capacity of different types of households are the most important factors explaining household hardship disparities. Meanwhile, selection into different household types by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics is moderately important. CONTRIBUTION: This study provides new information on why we observe differences in hardship across different types of households, including the important role played by wealth.
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spelling doaj-art-929fe3c3dfb5440eb15f442b7c3017f02025-08-26T00:00:44ZengMax Planck Institute for Demographic ResearchDemographic Research1435-98712025-04-01522058963410.4054/DemRes.2025.52.206791Household living arrangements and disparities in hardshipJohn Iceland0Jaehoon Cho1Pennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvania State UniversityBACKGROUND: Experiences of hardship, such as trouble paying bills and food insecurity, vary considerably across different household living arrangements, with relatively low levels among married-couple households. OBJECTIVE: We examine the extent to which disparities across household types can be explained by differences in income, non-income resources such as wealth, demographic characteristics, and socioeconomic characteristics such as education. METHODS: We used 2021 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and OLS regression and decomposition analysis to examine this issue. RESULTS: We confirmed that married-couple households experienced fewer hardships than other household types; single-parent families with children experienced the most hardships. Other household types, such as cohabiting couples and people living alone, fell in between. Among the factors associated with the differences, non-income resources – particularly wealth – played the most significant role, followed by income and then demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that income and especially the wealth-building capacity of different types of households are the most important factors explaining household hardship disparities. Meanwhile, selection into different household types by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics is moderately important. CONTRIBUTION: This study provides new information on why we observe differences in hardship across different types of households, including the important role played by wealth. https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/52/20hardshiphousehold living arrangementshousehold typesincomepovertysociodemographic characteristicswealth
spellingShingle John Iceland
Jaehoon Cho
Household living arrangements and disparities in hardship
Demographic Research
hardship
household living arrangements
household types
income
poverty
sociodemographic characteristics
wealth
title Household living arrangements and disparities in hardship
title_full Household living arrangements and disparities in hardship
title_fullStr Household living arrangements and disparities in hardship
title_full_unstemmed Household living arrangements and disparities in hardship
title_short Household living arrangements and disparities in hardship
title_sort household living arrangements and disparities in hardship
topic hardship
household living arrangements
household types
income
poverty
sociodemographic characteristics
wealth
url https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/52/20
work_keys_str_mv AT johniceland householdlivingarrangementsanddisparitiesinhardship
AT jaehooncho householdlivingarrangementsanddisparitiesinhardship