Multifaceted virus-like particles: Navigating towards broadly effective influenza A virus vaccines
The threat of influenza A virus (IAV) remains an annual health concern, as almost 500,000 people die each year due to the seasonal flu. Current flu vaccines are highly dependent on embryonated chicken eggs for production, which is time consuming and costly. These vaccines only confer moderate protec...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Current Research in Microbial Sciences |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666517424001007 |
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| author | Jaffar Ali Muhamad Norizwan Wen Siang Tan |
| author_facet | Jaffar Ali Muhamad Norizwan Wen Siang Tan |
| author_sort | Jaffar Ali Muhamad Norizwan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The threat of influenza A virus (IAV) remains an annual health concern, as almost 500,000 people die each year due to the seasonal flu. Current flu vaccines are highly dependent on embryonated chicken eggs for production, which is time consuming and costly. These vaccines only confer moderate protections in elderly people, and they lack cross-protectivity; thereby requiring annual reformulation to ensure effectiveness against contemporary circulating strains. To address current limitations, new strategies are being sought, with great emphasis given on exploiting IAV's conserved antigens for vaccine development, and by using different vaccine technologies to enhance immunogenicity and expedite vaccine production. Among these technologies, there are growing pre-clinical and clinical studies involving virus-like particles (VLPs), as they are capable to display multiple conserved IAV antigens and augment their immune responses. In this review, we outline recent findings involving broadly effective IAV antigens and strategies to display these antigens on VLPs. Current production systems for IAV VLP vaccines are comprehensively reviewed. Pain-free methods for administration of IAV VLP vaccines through intranasal and transdermal routes, as well as the mechanisms in stimulating immune responses are discussed in detail. The future perspectives of VLPs in IAV vaccine development are discussed, particularly concerning their potentials in overcoming current immunological limitations of IAV vaccines, and their inherent advantages in exploring intranasal vaccination studies. We also propose avenues to expedite VLP vaccine production, as we envision that there will be more clinical trials involving IAV VLP vaccines, leading to commercialization of these vaccines in the near future. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-929a171c05a745cb84f4d8218f94ab6c |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2666-5174 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Current Research in Microbial Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-929a171c05a745cb84f4d8218f94ab6c2025-08-20T02:35:44ZengElsevierCurrent Research in Microbial Sciences2666-51742025-01-01810031710.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100317Multifaceted virus-like particles: Navigating towards broadly effective influenza A virus vaccinesJaffar Ali Muhamad Norizwan0Wen Siang Tan1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaCorresponding author.; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaThe threat of influenza A virus (IAV) remains an annual health concern, as almost 500,000 people die each year due to the seasonal flu. Current flu vaccines are highly dependent on embryonated chicken eggs for production, which is time consuming and costly. These vaccines only confer moderate protections in elderly people, and they lack cross-protectivity; thereby requiring annual reformulation to ensure effectiveness against contemporary circulating strains. To address current limitations, new strategies are being sought, with great emphasis given on exploiting IAV's conserved antigens for vaccine development, and by using different vaccine technologies to enhance immunogenicity and expedite vaccine production. Among these technologies, there are growing pre-clinical and clinical studies involving virus-like particles (VLPs), as they are capable to display multiple conserved IAV antigens and augment their immune responses. In this review, we outline recent findings involving broadly effective IAV antigens and strategies to display these antigens on VLPs. Current production systems for IAV VLP vaccines are comprehensively reviewed. Pain-free methods for administration of IAV VLP vaccines through intranasal and transdermal routes, as well as the mechanisms in stimulating immune responses are discussed in detail. The future perspectives of VLPs in IAV vaccine development are discussed, particularly concerning their potentials in overcoming current immunological limitations of IAV vaccines, and their inherent advantages in exploring intranasal vaccination studies. We also propose avenues to expedite VLP vaccine production, as we envision that there will be more clinical trials involving IAV VLP vaccines, leading to commercialization of these vaccines in the near future.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666517424001007Virus-like particleInfluenza A virusVaccineConserved antigensPain-freeProduction system |
| spellingShingle | Jaffar Ali Muhamad Norizwan Wen Siang Tan Multifaceted virus-like particles: Navigating towards broadly effective influenza A virus vaccines Current Research in Microbial Sciences Virus-like particle Influenza A virus Vaccine Conserved antigens Pain-free Production system |
| title | Multifaceted virus-like particles: Navigating towards broadly effective influenza A virus vaccines |
| title_full | Multifaceted virus-like particles: Navigating towards broadly effective influenza A virus vaccines |
| title_fullStr | Multifaceted virus-like particles: Navigating towards broadly effective influenza A virus vaccines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multifaceted virus-like particles: Navigating towards broadly effective influenza A virus vaccines |
| title_short | Multifaceted virus-like particles: Navigating towards broadly effective influenza A virus vaccines |
| title_sort | multifaceted virus like particles navigating towards broadly effective influenza a virus vaccines |
| topic | Virus-like particle Influenza A virus Vaccine Conserved antigens Pain-free Production system |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666517424001007 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jaffaralimuhamadnorizwan multifacetedviruslikeparticlesnavigatingtowardsbroadlyeffectiveinfluenzaavirusvaccines AT wensiangtan multifacetedviruslikeparticlesnavigatingtowardsbroadlyeffectiveinfluenzaavirusvaccines |