A Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS) and DNA Image Cryptography Using SHA-256
One-dimensional (1D) chaotic systems are crucial in cryptography to encrypt digital images effectively by transforming them into noise. Despite their simplicity and computational efficiency, 1D chaotic systems often struggle with short periodicity, narrow control parameter ranges, less complex phase...
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| Format: | Article |
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11048494/ |
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| author | Hammad Safdar Gill Madiha Amjad Muhammad Faheem Aqeel Ur Rehman Umber Rana Amjad Rehman Khan Rab Nawaz Bashir |
| author_facet | Hammad Safdar Gill Madiha Amjad Muhammad Faheem Aqeel Ur Rehman Umber Rana Amjad Rehman Khan Rab Nawaz Bashir |
| author_sort | Hammad Safdar Gill |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One-dimensional (1D) chaotic systems are crucial in cryptography to encrypt digital images effectively by transforming them into noise. Despite their simplicity and computational efficiency, 1D chaotic systems often struggle with short periodicity, narrow control parameter ranges, less complex phase space attractors, and regularity in their output, which limit their applicability in cryptography. A novel 1D piecewise chaotic map, called Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS), is proposed with an extensive range of control parameters <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and prime number p. It has a high score for Lyapunov exponent <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(\gt 7.88)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, sample entropy score of 2.2137 and correlation dimension score exceeding 1.1. The NEPCS is evaluated using the SP800-22 test suite recommended by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The qualifying rate for the NIST test is > 0.49, proving its high quality of randomness. To validate the efficacy of the NEPCS, an image encryption technique is introduced, leveraging the SHA-256 hash function used iteratively on keyboard inputs and plain images to derive initial seeds for NEPCS. The encryption process begins by permuting the pixels of a color image and converting them into DNA bases. The cipher block chaining mode (CBC) of substitution is sandwiched between the keyless transpositions. The exclusive-or and addition operations are alternately applied to substitute the DNA bases. The presented image cipher has NPCR >99.59%, UACI exceeding 33.40%, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\chi ^{2}\lt 285.60$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and entropy <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 7.9999$ </tex-math></inline-formula> scores while resisting communication noises. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-928c58a248a24e39b63255222f975d2e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-928c58a248a24e39b63255222f975d2e2025-08-20T03:33:14ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-011311039211041710.1109/ACCESS.2025.358231811048494A Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS) and DNA Image Cryptography Using SHA-256Hammad Safdar Gill0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1362-634XMadiha Amjad1Muhammad Faheem2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4628-4486Aqeel Ur Rehman3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-6066Umber Rana4Amjad Rehman Khan5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3817-2655Rab Nawaz Bashir6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7409-1775Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, PakistanInstitute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, PakistanVTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FinlandDepartment of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Punjab, Vehari, PakistanInstitute of Mathematics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, PakistanArtificial Intelligence and Data Analytics Laboratory(AIDA), CCIS, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Punjab, Vehari, PakistanOne-dimensional (1D) chaotic systems are crucial in cryptography to encrypt digital images effectively by transforming them into noise. Despite their simplicity and computational efficiency, 1D chaotic systems often struggle with short periodicity, narrow control parameter ranges, less complex phase space attractors, and regularity in their output, which limit their applicability in cryptography. A novel 1D piecewise chaotic map, called Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS), is proposed with an extensive range of control parameters <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and prime number p. It has a high score for Lyapunov exponent <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(\gt 7.88)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, sample entropy score of 2.2137 and correlation dimension score exceeding 1.1. The NEPCS is evaluated using the SP800-22 test suite recommended by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The qualifying rate for the NIST test is > 0.49, proving its high quality of randomness. To validate the efficacy of the NEPCS, an image encryption technique is introduced, leveraging the SHA-256 hash function used iteratively on keyboard inputs and plain images to derive initial seeds for NEPCS. The encryption process begins by permuting the pixels of a color image and converting them into DNA bases. The cipher block chaining mode (CBC) of substitution is sandwiched between the keyless transpositions. The exclusive-or and addition operations are alternately applied to substitute the DNA bases. The presented image cipher has NPCR >99.59%, UACI exceeding 33.40%, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\chi ^{2}\lt 285.60$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and entropy <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 7.9999$ </tex-math></inline-formula> scores while resisting communication noises.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11048494/1D chaosnormalized exponential piecewise chaotic system (NEPCS)DNAimage encryptionCBC |
| spellingShingle | Hammad Safdar Gill Madiha Amjad Muhammad Faheem Aqeel Ur Rehman Umber Rana Amjad Rehman Khan Rab Nawaz Bashir A Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS) and DNA Image Cryptography Using SHA-256 IEEE Access 1D chaos normalized exponential piecewise chaotic system (NEPCS) DNA image encryption CBC |
| title | A Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS) and DNA Image Cryptography Using SHA-256 |
| title_full | A Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS) and DNA Image Cryptography Using SHA-256 |
| title_fullStr | A Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS) and DNA Image Cryptography Using SHA-256 |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS) and DNA Image Cryptography Using SHA-256 |
| title_short | A Normalized Exponential Piecewise Chaotic System (NEPCS) and DNA Image Cryptography Using SHA-256 |
| title_sort | normalized exponential piecewise chaotic system nepcs and dna image cryptography using sha 256 |
| topic | 1D chaos normalized exponential piecewise chaotic system (NEPCS) DNA image encryption CBC |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11048494/ |
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