Discovery of a novel binding pocket in PPARγ for partial agonists: structure-based virtual screening identifies ginsenoside Rg5 as a partial agonist promoting beige adipogenesis

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key target for metabolic disorders that contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, full agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have limitations in terms of side effects. Selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγMs) t...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Zhen Wang, Kexin Shui, Zehui Zhang, Yihan Chen, Nanfei Yang, Shiliang Ji, Pingping Shen, Qiang Tian
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-05-01
Series:Frontiers in Chemistry
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2025.1579445/full
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
_version_ 1850035644420587520
author Zhen Wang
Kexin Shui
Zehui Zhang
Yihan Chen
Nanfei Yang
Shiliang Ji
Pingping Shen
Qiang Tian
Qiang Tian
author_facet Zhen Wang
Kexin Shui
Zehui Zhang
Yihan Chen
Nanfei Yang
Shiliang Ji
Pingping Shen
Qiang Tian
Qiang Tian
author_sort Zhen Wang
collection DOAJ
description Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key target for metabolic disorders that contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, full agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have limitations in terms of side effects. Selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγMs) that target alternative binding pockets offer the potential for safer partial agonists. Here, we employed six computational algorithms (Fpocket, DeepSite, CavityPlus, DoGSiteScorer, CASTpFold, POCASA) to identify a novel allosteric pocket (pocket 6–5) in the PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD), localized at the helix 3 (H3), helix 2 (H2), helix 2'(H2′), and β-sheet interface. A virtual screening of 4,097 natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) libraries was conducted, which led to the identification of ginsenoside Rg5 (TWSZ-5) as a top hit. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) dynamics revealed TWSZ-5 stabilizes pocket 6–5 through hydrogen bonds with Ser342, Gln345, Lys261, and Lys263. TWSZ-5 promoted beige adipocyte differentiation in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro, upregulating Ucp1, Prdm16, Cpt1α, and Pgc1α. The present study identifies TWSZ-5 as a novel SPPARγM that utilizes an allosteric binding pocket to enhance thermogenesis while mitigating adverse effects. These findings emphasize the potential of TCM derivatives and structure-based screening strategies to develop safer antidiabetic therapies with precision pharmacology.
format Article
id doaj-art-92865a58b22e47a6bcf5e594532b01d9
institution DOAJ
issn 2296-2646
language English
publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format Article
series Frontiers in Chemistry
spelling doaj-art-92865a58b22e47a6bcf5e594532b01d92025-08-20T02:57:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Chemistry2296-26462025-05-011310.3389/fchem.2025.15794451579445Discovery of a novel binding pocket in PPARγ for partial agonists: structure-based virtual screening identifies ginsenoside Rg5 as a partial agonist promoting beige adipogenesisZhen Wang0Kexin Shui1Zehui Zhang2Yihan Chen3Nanfei Yang4Shiliang Ji5Pingping Shen6Qiang Tian7Qiang Tian8State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Urology, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Urology, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Urology, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Urology, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Urology, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, ChinaSuzhou Research Center of Medical School, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Urology, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Urology, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, ChinaDepartment of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key target for metabolic disorders that contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, full agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have limitations in terms of side effects. Selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγMs) that target alternative binding pockets offer the potential for safer partial agonists. Here, we employed six computational algorithms (Fpocket, DeepSite, CavityPlus, DoGSiteScorer, CASTpFold, POCASA) to identify a novel allosteric pocket (pocket 6–5) in the PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD), localized at the helix 3 (H3), helix 2 (H2), helix 2'(H2′), and β-sheet interface. A virtual screening of 4,097 natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) libraries was conducted, which led to the identification of ginsenoside Rg5 (TWSZ-5) as a top hit. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) dynamics revealed TWSZ-5 stabilizes pocket 6–5 through hydrogen bonds with Ser342, Gln345, Lys261, and Lys263. TWSZ-5 promoted beige adipocyte differentiation in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro, upregulating Ucp1, Prdm16, Cpt1α, and Pgc1α. The present study identifies TWSZ-5 as a novel SPPARγM that utilizes an allosteric binding pocket to enhance thermogenesis while mitigating adverse effects. These findings emphasize the potential of TCM derivatives and structure-based screening strategies to develop safer antidiabetic therapies with precision pharmacology.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2025.1579445/fullPPARγbinding pocketnatural productvirtual screeningbeige cells
spellingShingle Zhen Wang
Kexin Shui
Zehui Zhang
Yihan Chen
Nanfei Yang
Shiliang Ji
Pingping Shen
Qiang Tian
Qiang Tian
Discovery of a novel binding pocket in PPARγ for partial agonists: structure-based virtual screening identifies ginsenoside Rg5 as a partial agonist promoting beige adipogenesis
Frontiers in Chemistry
PPARγ
binding pocket
natural product
virtual screening
beige cells
title Discovery of a novel binding pocket in PPARγ for partial agonists: structure-based virtual screening identifies ginsenoside Rg5 as a partial agonist promoting beige adipogenesis
title_full Discovery of a novel binding pocket in PPARγ for partial agonists: structure-based virtual screening identifies ginsenoside Rg5 as a partial agonist promoting beige adipogenesis
title_fullStr Discovery of a novel binding pocket in PPARγ for partial agonists: structure-based virtual screening identifies ginsenoside Rg5 as a partial agonist promoting beige adipogenesis
title_full_unstemmed Discovery of a novel binding pocket in PPARγ for partial agonists: structure-based virtual screening identifies ginsenoside Rg5 as a partial agonist promoting beige adipogenesis
title_short Discovery of a novel binding pocket in PPARγ for partial agonists: structure-based virtual screening identifies ginsenoside Rg5 as a partial agonist promoting beige adipogenesis
title_sort discovery of a novel binding pocket in pparγ for partial agonists structure based virtual screening identifies ginsenoside rg5 as a partial agonist promoting beige adipogenesis
topic PPARγ
binding pocket
natural product
virtual screening
beige cells
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2025.1579445/full
work_keys_str_mv AT zhenwang discoveryofanovelbindingpocketinppargforpartialagonistsstructurebasedvirtualscreeningidentifiesginsenosiderg5asapartialagonistpromotingbeigeadipogenesis
AT kexinshui discoveryofanovelbindingpocketinppargforpartialagonistsstructurebasedvirtualscreeningidentifiesginsenosiderg5asapartialagonistpromotingbeigeadipogenesis
AT zehuizhang discoveryofanovelbindingpocketinppargforpartialagonistsstructurebasedvirtualscreeningidentifiesginsenosiderg5asapartialagonistpromotingbeigeadipogenesis
AT yihanchen discoveryofanovelbindingpocketinppargforpartialagonistsstructurebasedvirtualscreeningidentifiesginsenosiderg5asapartialagonistpromotingbeigeadipogenesis
AT nanfeiyang discoveryofanovelbindingpocketinppargforpartialagonistsstructurebasedvirtualscreeningidentifiesginsenosiderg5asapartialagonistpromotingbeigeadipogenesis
AT shiliangji discoveryofanovelbindingpocketinppargforpartialagonistsstructurebasedvirtualscreeningidentifiesginsenosiderg5asapartialagonistpromotingbeigeadipogenesis
AT pingpingshen discoveryofanovelbindingpocketinppargforpartialagonistsstructurebasedvirtualscreeningidentifiesginsenosiderg5asapartialagonistpromotingbeigeadipogenesis
AT qiangtian discoveryofanovelbindingpocketinppargforpartialagonistsstructurebasedvirtualscreeningidentifiesginsenosiderg5asapartialagonistpromotingbeigeadipogenesis
AT qiangtian discoveryofanovelbindingpocketinppargforpartialagonistsstructurebasedvirtualscreeningidentifiesginsenosiderg5asapartialagonistpromotingbeigeadipogenesis