Multi-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with a Solid-Phase Extraction System in the Selective Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Environmental Water Samples
A simple, fast, and low-cost pre-concentration methodology based on the application of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (mt-MIP) in a solid-phase extraction system coupled with capillary electrophoresis was developed for the determination of naproxen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen in enviro...
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2025-05-01
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| author | David Aurelio-Soria Giaan A. Alvarez-Romero Maria E. Paez-Hernandez I. Perez-Silva Miriam Franco-Guzman Gabriela Islas Israel S. Ibarra |
| author_facet | David Aurelio-Soria Giaan A. Alvarez-Romero Maria E. Paez-Hernandez I. Perez-Silva Miriam Franco-Guzman Gabriela Islas Israel S. Ibarra |
| author_sort | David Aurelio-Soria |
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| description | A simple, fast, and low-cost pre-concentration methodology based on the application of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (mt-MIP) in a solid-phase extraction system coupled with capillary electrophoresis was developed for the determination of naproxen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen in environmental water samples. A systematic study of the mt-MIP composition was conducted using a second-order simplex lattice experiment design (fraction of the functional monomer methacrylic acid (MAA), the total moles of functional monomers, and the total moles of the cross-linker agent). The optimal mt-MIP, consisting of 0.025 mmol of each analyte, with 2.40 mmol of methacrylic acid (MAA) and 3.60 mmol of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and 23.00 mmol of the cross-linker agent (EGDMA), was coupled to an SPE system under the optimal conditions: pH = 3.5; 20 mg of mt-MIP; and an eluent (MeOH/NaOH [0.001]). This methodology provides limits of detection from 3.00 to 12.00 µg L<sup>−1</sup> for the studied NSAIDs. The methodology’s precision was evaluated in terms of inter- and intra-day repeatability, with %RSD < 10% in all cases. Finally, the proposed method can be successfully applied in the analysis of environmental water samples (bottle, tap, cistern, well, and river water samples), which demonstrates the developed method’s robustness. |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-9229ddcca07c4c23a319e645affc05c92025-08-20T03:26:51ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392025-05-0112614010.3390/separations12060140Multi-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with a Solid-Phase Extraction System in the Selective Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Environmental Water SamplesDavid Aurelio-Soria0Giaan A. Alvarez-Romero1Maria E. Paez-Hernandez2I. Perez-Silva3Miriam Franco-Guzman4Gabriela Islas5Israel S. Ibarra6Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoÁrea Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoÁrea Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoÁrea Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoÁrea Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoÁrea Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoÁrea Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoA simple, fast, and low-cost pre-concentration methodology based on the application of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (mt-MIP) in a solid-phase extraction system coupled with capillary electrophoresis was developed for the determination of naproxen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen in environmental water samples. A systematic study of the mt-MIP composition was conducted using a second-order simplex lattice experiment design (fraction of the functional monomer methacrylic acid (MAA), the total moles of functional monomers, and the total moles of the cross-linker agent). The optimal mt-MIP, consisting of 0.025 mmol of each analyte, with 2.40 mmol of methacrylic acid (MAA) and 3.60 mmol of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and 23.00 mmol of the cross-linker agent (EGDMA), was coupled to an SPE system under the optimal conditions: pH = 3.5; 20 mg of mt-MIP; and an eluent (MeOH/NaOH [0.001]). This methodology provides limits of detection from 3.00 to 12.00 µg L<sup>−1</sup> for the studied NSAIDs. The methodology’s precision was evaluated in terms of inter- and intra-day repeatability, with %RSD < 10% in all cases. Finally, the proposed method can be successfully applied in the analysis of environmental water samples (bottle, tap, cistern, well, and river water samples), which demonstrates the developed method’s robustness.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/6/140multi-template molecularly imprinted polymersolid-phase extractioncapillary electrophoresis |
| spellingShingle | David Aurelio-Soria Giaan A. Alvarez-Romero Maria E. Paez-Hernandez I. Perez-Silva Miriam Franco-Guzman Gabriela Islas Israel S. Ibarra Multi-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with a Solid-Phase Extraction System in the Selective Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Environmental Water Samples Separations multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis |
| title | Multi-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with a Solid-Phase Extraction System in the Selective Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Environmental Water Samples |
| title_full | Multi-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with a Solid-Phase Extraction System in the Selective Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Environmental Water Samples |
| title_fullStr | Multi-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with a Solid-Phase Extraction System in the Selective Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Environmental Water Samples |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multi-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with a Solid-Phase Extraction System in the Selective Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Environmental Water Samples |
| title_short | Multi-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with a Solid-Phase Extraction System in the Selective Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Environmental Water Samples |
| title_sort | multi template molecularly imprinted polymers coupled with a solid phase extraction system in the selective determination of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs nsaids in environmental water samples |
| topic | multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/6/140 |
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