Sensitivity to the Demethylation Inhibitor Difenoconazole Among Baseline Populations of Various <i>Penicillium</i> spp. Causing Blue Mold of Apples and Pears
Difenoconazole (DIF), a demethylation inhibitor fungicide, was registered in 2016 for the control of postharvest diseases of pome fruits. In this study, 162 isolates from <i>P. expansum</i> (<i>n</i> = 31) and 13 other “non-<i>expansum</i>” <i>Penicillium<...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/61 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832588216558944256 |
|---|---|
| author | Madan Pandey Clayton L. Haskell Juliette D. Cowell Achour Amiri |
| author_facet | Madan Pandey Clayton L. Haskell Juliette D. Cowell Achour Amiri |
| author_sort | Madan Pandey |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Difenoconazole (DIF), a demethylation inhibitor fungicide, was registered in 2016 for the control of postharvest diseases of pome fruits. In this study, 162 isolates from <i>P. expansum</i> (<i>n</i> = 31) and 13 other “non-<i>expansum</i>” <i>Penicillium</i> spp., i.e., <i>P. solitum</i> (<i>n</i> = 52), <i>P. roqueforti</i> (<i>n</i> = 32), <i>P. commune</i> (<i>n</i> = 15), <i>P. paneum</i> (<i>n</i> = 9), <i>P. psychrosexuale</i> (<i>n</i> = 8), <i>P. crustosum</i> (<i>n</i> = 5), <i>P. carneum</i> (<i>n</i> = 3), <i>P. palitans</i> (<i>n</i> = 2), along with one isolate each of <i>P. citrinum</i>, <i>P. griseofulvum</i>, <i>P. raistrickii</i>, <i>P. ribium</i>, and <i>P. viridicatum</i>, were collected from multiple packinghouses in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. In vitro sensitivity assays showed similar sensitivities of spores and mycelia across species with the mean EC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 0.01 for <i>P. psychrosexuale</i> (<i>n</i> = 8) to 1.33 μg mL<sup>−1</sup> for <i>P. palitans</i> (<i>n</i> = 2), whereas the mean EC<sub>50s</sub> were 0.03, 0.12, 0.19, and 0.51 μg mL<sup>−1</sup> for <i>P. expansum</i> (<i>n</i> = 31), <i>P. paneum</i> (<i>n</i> = 9), <i>P. solitum</i> (<i>n</i> = 52), and <i>P. crustosum</i> (<i>n</i> = 5), respectively. The recommended rate of DIF controlled <i>P. expansum</i> and <i>P. roqueforti</i> isolates but not all isolates of four other <i>Penicillium</i> spp. on Fuji apples after five months at 1.5 °C. The mixture of DIF + fludioxonil (FDL) (Academy<sup>TM</sup>) controlled all the dual-sensitive isolates (DIF<sup>S</sup>FDL<sup>S</sup>) and DIF single-resistant (DIF<sup>R</sup>) isolates among the six species tested but not the FDL<sup>R</sup> and dual DIF<sup>R</sup>FDL<sup>R</sup> isolates. Notable polymorphism was detected in the <i>CYP51</i> gene of the “non-<i>expansum</i>” species with four mutations located at four residues. Although the isolates analyzed in this study had not previously been exposed to DIF, the findings indicate variable sensitivity levels among the <i>Penicillium</i> spp. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-92243c2588384340ab5c13133a6b1f4d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj-art-92243c2588384340ab5c13133a6b1f4d2025-01-24T13:37:24ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2025-01-011116110.3390/jof11010061Sensitivity to the Demethylation Inhibitor Difenoconazole Among Baseline Populations of Various <i>Penicillium</i> spp. Causing Blue Mold of Apples and PearsMadan Pandey0Clayton L. Haskell1Juliette D. Cowell2Achour Amiri3Department of Plant Pathology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801, USADifenoconazole (DIF), a demethylation inhibitor fungicide, was registered in 2016 for the control of postharvest diseases of pome fruits. In this study, 162 isolates from <i>P. expansum</i> (<i>n</i> = 31) and 13 other “non-<i>expansum</i>” <i>Penicillium</i> spp., i.e., <i>P. solitum</i> (<i>n</i> = 52), <i>P. roqueforti</i> (<i>n</i> = 32), <i>P. commune</i> (<i>n</i> = 15), <i>P. paneum</i> (<i>n</i> = 9), <i>P. psychrosexuale</i> (<i>n</i> = 8), <i>P. crustosum</i> (<i>n</i> = 5), <i>P. carneum</i> (<i>n</i> = 3), <i>P. palitans</i> (<i>n</i> = 2), along with one isolate each of <i>P. citrinum</i>, <i>P. griseofulvum</i>, <i>P. raistrickii</i>, <i>P. ribium</i>, and <i>P. viridicatum</i>, were collected from multiple packinghouses in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. In vitro sensitivity assays showed similar sensitivities of spores and mycelia across species with the mean EC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 0.01 for <i>P. psychrosexuale</i> (<i>n</i> = 8) to 1.33 μg mL<sup>−1</sup> for <i>P. palitans</i> (<i>n</i> = 2), whereas the mean EC<sub>50s</sub> were 0.03, 0.12, 0.19, and 0.51 μg mL<sup>−1</sup> for <i>P. expansum</i> (<i>n</i> = 31), <i>P. paneum</i> (<i>n</i> = 9), <i>P. solitum</i> (<i>n</i> = 52), and <i>P. crustosum</i> (<i>n</i> = 5), respectively. The recommended rate of DIF controlled <i>P. expansum</i> and <i>P. roqueforti</i> isolates but not all isolates of four other <i>Penicillium</i> spp. on Fuji apples after five months at 1.5 °C. The mixture of DIF + fludioxonil (FDL) (Academy<sup>TM</sup>) controlled all the dual-sensitive isolates (DIF<sup>S</sup>FDL<sup>S</sup>) and DIF single-resistant (DIF<sup>R</sup>) isolates among the six species tested but not the FDL<sup>R</sup> and dual DIF<sup>R</sup>FDL<sup>R</sup> isolates. Notable polymorphism was detected in the <i>CYP51</i> gene of the “non-<i>expansum</i>” species with four mutations located at four residues. Although the isolates analyzed in this study had not previously been exposed to DIF, the findings indicate variable sensitivity levels among the <i>Penicillium</i> spp.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/61postharvest<i>Penicillium</i> spp.baseline populationscytochrome P450 enzymefludioxonildual resistance |
| spellingShingle | Madan Pandey Clayton L. Haskell Juliette D. Cowell Achour Amiri Sensitivity to the Demethylation Inhibitor Difenoconazole Among Baseline Populations of Various <i>Penicillium</i> spp. Causing Blue Mold of Apples and Pears Journal of Fungi postharvest <i>Penicillium</i> spp. baseline populations cytochrome P450 enzyme fludioxonil dual resistance |
| title | Sensitivity to the Demethylation Inhibitor Difenoconazole Among Baseline Populations of Various <i>Penicillium</i> spp. Causing Blue Mold of Apples and Pears |
| title_full | Sensitivity to the Demethylation Inhibitor Difenoconazole Among Baseline Populations of Various <i>Penicillium</i> spp. Causing Blue Mold of Apples and Pears |
| title_fullStr | Sensitivity to the Demethylation Inhibitor Difenoconazole Among Baseline Populations of Various <i>Penicillium</i> spp. Causing Blue Mold of Apples and Pears |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sensitivity to the Demethylation Inhibitor Difenoconazole Among Baseline Populations of Various <i>Penicillium</i> spp. Causing Blue Mold of Apples and Pears |
| title_short | Sensitivity to the Demethylation Inhibitor Difenoconazole Among Baseline Populations of Various <i>Penicillium</i> spp. Causing Blue Mold of Apples and Pears |
| title_sort | sensitivity to the demethylation inhibitor difenoconazole among baseline populations of various i penicillium i spp causing blue mold of apples and pears |
| topic | postharvest <i>Penicillium</i> spp. baseline populations cytochrome P450 enzyme fludioxonil dual resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/61 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT madanpandey sensitivitytothedemethylationinhibitordifenoconazoleamongbaselinepopulationsofvariousipenicilliumisppcausingbluemoldofapplesandpears AT claytonlhaskell sensitivitytothedemethylationinhibitordifenoconazoleamongbaselinepopulationsofvariousipenicilliumisppcausingbluemoldofapplesandpears AT juliettedcowell sensitivitytothedemethylationinhibitordifenoconazoleamongbaselinepopulationsofvariousipenicilliumisppcausingbluemoldofapplesandpears AT achouramiri sensitivitytothedemethylationinhibitordifenoconazoleamongbaselinepopulationsofvariousipenicilliumisppcausingbluemoldofapplesandpears |