An effective approach for correlating Na+ concentrations with sweating rates in wearable sweat sensing platform
Accurately correlating the sweating rate and the concentration of biomarkers in sweat is essential in many sweat-based diagnostic applications. These two measurements are always done simultaneously in wearable sweat sensing platforms. However, concentration measurements of biomarkers are always dela...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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AIP Publishing LLC
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0028758 |
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| author | Anwei He Xiaohe Wang Liang Zhang Haolong Zhang Xingli Xu Chenyang Yu Yongquan Ma Wei Wei Pengfei Niu |
| author_facet | Anwei He Xiaohe Wang Liang Zhang Haolong Zhang Xingli Xu Chenyang Yu Yongquan Ma Wei Wei Pengfei Niu |
| author_sort | Anwei He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Accurately correlating the sweating rate and the concentration of biomarkers in sweat is essential in many sweat-based diagnostic applications. These two measurements are always done simultaneously in wearable sweat sensing platforms. However, concentration measurements of biomarkers are always delayed on the timeline compared with their production, whereas there is no such delay for sweating rate. Thus, a timeline mismatch exists between these two measurements. This means that the concentration vs rate correlation constructed on the basis of such measurements will deviate from the actual correlation. This study demonstrates the existence of this mismatch and explains its cause using sweat Na+ measurements. It also proposes an effective approach that applies a point-by-point compensation for the delay between Na+ measurements and the real-time sweating rates, such that the data on the repositioned concentration vs time curve correspond to exactly the same point on the timeline as their production. A vison sensor is developed to measure the sweating rate with high accuracy at a frequency of more than 0.1 Hz. Off-body and on-body measurements of sweating rate and Na+ concentration are carried out, and concentration–rate correlations are constructed using both measured and repositioned concentration curves. The least squares and random forest methods are employed to fit the constructed correlations and evaluate the reliability of the proposed approach. The use of the repositioned concentration curve gives a constructed correlation that is much closer to the actual one. This study indicates the necessity to rearrange sensor-measured biomarker concentration vs time curves when correlations of concentration with sweating rate need to be constructed and proposes a practical point-by-point data repositioning strategy for doing so. The results presented here will benefit the study of sweat biomarkers with unclear correlations with sweating rate, as well as providing a basis for the development of more reliable sweat-based diagnostic methods. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-91dd2e8398fd42ea91c91ecbdfc6b69e |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2589-5540 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | AIP Publishing LLC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-91dd2e8398fd42ea91c91ecbdfc6b69e2025-08-20T02:02:20ZengAIP Publishing LLCNanotechnology and Precision Engineering2589-55402025-03-0181013006013006-1010.1063/10.0028758An effective approach for correlating Na+ concentrations with sweating rates in wearable sweat sensing platformAnwei He0Xiaohe Wang1Liang Zhang2Haolong Zhang3Xingli Xu4Chenyang Yu5Yongquan Ma6Wei Wei7Pengfei Niu8State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaAccurately correlating the sweating rate and the concentration of biomarkers in sweat is essential in many sweat-based diagnostic applications. These two measurements are always done simultaneously in wearable sweat sensing platforms. However, concentration measurements of biomarkers are always delayed on the timeline compared with their production, whereas there is no such delay for sweating rate. Thus, a timeline mismatch exists between these two measurements. This means that the concentration vs rate correlation constructed on the basis of such measurements will deviate from the actual correlation. This study demonstrates the existence of this mismatch and explains its cause using sweat Na+ measurements. It also proposes an effective approach that applies a point-by-point compensation for the delay between Na+ measurements and the real-time sweating rates, such that the data on the repositioned concentration vs time curve correspond to exactly the same point on the timeline as their production. A vison sensor is developed to measure the sweating rate with high accuracy at a frequency of more than 0.1 Hz. Off-body and on-body measurements of sweating rate and Na+ concentration are carried out, and concentration–rate correlations are constructed using both measured and repositioned concentration curves. The least squares and random forest methods are employed to fit the constructed correlations and evaluate the reliability of the proposed approach. The use of the repositioned concentration curve gives a constructed correlation that is much closer to the actual one. This study indicates the necessity to rearrange sensor-measured biomarker concentration vs time curves when correlations of concentration with sweating rate need to be constructed and proposes a practical point-by-point data repositioning strategy for doing so. The results presented here will benefit the study of sweat biomarkers with unclear correlations with sweating rate, as well as providing a basis for the development of more reliable sweat-based diagnostic methods.http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0028758 |
| spellingShingle | Anwei He Xiaohe Wang Liang Zhang Haolong Zhang Xingli Xu Chenyang Yu Yongquan Ma Wei Wei Pengfei Niu An effective approach for correlating Na+ concentrations with sweating rates in wearable sweat sensing platform Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering |
| title | An effective approach for correlating Na+ concentrations with sweating rates in wearable sweat sensing platform |
| title_full | An effective approach for correlating Na+ concentrations with sweating rates in wearable sweat sensing platform |
| title_fullStr | An effective approach for correlating Na+ concentrations with sweating rates in wearable sweat sensing platform |
| title_full_unstemmed | An effective approach for correlating Na+ concentrations with sweating rates in wearable sweat sensing platform |
| title_short | An effective approach for correlating Na+ concentrations with sweating rates in wearable sweat sensing platform |
| title_sort | effective approach for correlating na concentrations with sweating rates in wearable sweat sensing platform |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0028758 |
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