A Comparative Study of Coprecipitation and Solvothermal Techniques for Synthesizing Pure and Cu-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles

Tin oxide (SnO2), with its low resistivity properties and high transparency in the visible spectrum, makes it an attractive electron transfer layer (ETL) for use in perovskite solar cells. Here, we use two techniques, coprecipitation and solvothermal, to synthesize pure and 4% copper-doped SnO2. The...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Chnar I. Hussain, Yousif M. Hassan, Farah A. Abed
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2024-01-01
Series:Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6155001
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
_version_ 1832543437254033408
author Chnar I. Hussain
Yousif M. Hassan
Farah A. Abed
author_facet Chnar I. Hussain
Yousif M. Hassan
Farah A. Abed
author_sort Chnar I. Hussain
collection DOAJ
description Tin oxide (SnO2), with its low resistivity properties and high transparency in the visible spectrum, makes it an attractive electron transfer layer (ETL) for use in perovskite solar cells. Here, we use two techniques, coprecipitation and solvothermal, to synthesize pure and 4% copper-doped SnO2. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the films synthesized using both methods have a crystalline structure with a tetragonal arrangement. Furthermore, the lack of any secondary peaks indicated the absence of mixed tin oxide (Sn2O4) or copper oxide (CuO) components. Additionally, it demonstrated that adding a 4% Cu doping concentration reduced the crystal size in both methods. The optical results indicate adequate transmission in the central range of the visible spectrum. Calculations were performed to find the energy gap of pure SnO2 in both techniques to be 3.85 eV and 4.17 eV, respectively. When we doped SnO2 with 4% Cu, this band gap energy decreased to 3.75 eV and 3.9 eV. Furthermore, with 4% Cu doping, the particle size decreases, as demonstrated by FESEM. The EDX spectroscopy images revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles consisted of copper, oxygen, and tin. The analysis of functional groups using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and the roughness analysis using AFM images showed a decrease in roughness from 46.1 nm to 12.3 nm in doped samples prepared by solvothermal synthesis, compared to those synthesized by the coprecipitation technique from 4.7 nm to 0.3 nm. We discovered that Cu plays an essential role in reducing nanocrystalline SnO2 particle sizes. In addition, the solvothermal technique is more impressive than coprecipitation in the synthesis of tin oxide nanostructure.
format Article
id doaj-art-91d4b624f0df44cfb10aa0e4a7dcbfa6
institution Kabale University
issn 1847-9804
language English
publishDate 2024-01-01
publisher Wiley
record_format Article
series Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
spelling doaj-art-91d4b624f0df44cfb10aa0e4a7dcbfa62025-02-03T11:40:44ZengWileyNanomaterials and Nanotechnology1847-98042024-01-01202410.1155/2024/6155001A Comparative Study of Coprecipitation and Solvothermal Techniques for Synthesizing Pure and Cu-Doped SnO2 NanoparticlesChnar I. Hussain0Yousif M. Hassan1Farah A. Abed2Department of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsErbil Polytechnic UniversityTin oxide (SnO2), with its low resistivity properties and high transparency in the visible spectrum, makes it an attractive electron transfer layer (ETL) for use in perovskite solar cells. Here, we use two techniques, coprecipitation and solvothermal, to synthesize pure and 4% copper-doped SnO2. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the films synthesized using both methods have a crystalline structure with a tetragonal arrangement. Furthermore, the lack of any secondary peaks indicated the absence of mixed tin oxide (Sn2O4) or copper oxide (CuO) components. Additionally, it demonstrated that adding a 4% Cu doping concentration reduced the crystal size in both methods. The optical results indicate adequate transmission in the central range of the visible spectrum. Calculations were performed to find the energy gap of pure SnO2 in both techniques to be 3.85 eV and 4.17 eV, respectively. When we doped SnO2 with 4% Cu, this band gap energy decreased to 3.75 eV and 3.9 eV. Furthermore, with 4% Cu doping, the particle size decreases, as demonstrated by FESEM. The EDX spectroscopy images revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles consisted of copper, oxygen, and tin. The analysis of functional groups using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and the roughness analysis using AFM images showed a decrease in roughness from 46.1 nm to 12.3 nm in doped samples prepared by solvothermal synthesis, compared to those synthesized by the coprecipitation technique from 4.7 nm to 0.3 nm. We discovered that Cu plays an essential role in reducing nanocrystalline SnO2 particle sizes. In addition, the solvothermal technique is more impressive than coprecipitation in the synthesis of tin oxide nanostructure.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6155001
spellingShingle Chnar I. Hussain
Yousif M. Hassan
Farah A. Abed
A Comparative Study of Coprecipitation and Solvothermal Techniques for Synthesizing Pure and Cu-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
title A Comparative Study of Coprecipitation and Solvothermal Techniques for Synthesizing Pure and Cu-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles
title_full A Comparative Study of Coprecipitation and Solvothermal Techniques for Synthesizing Pure and Cu-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles
title_fullStr A Comparative Study of Coprecipitation and Solvothermal Techniques for Synthesizing Pure and Cu-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles
title_full_unstemmed A Comparative Study of Coprecipitation and Solvothermal Techniques for Synthesizing Pure and Cu-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles
title_short A Comparative Study of Coprecipitation and Solvothermal Techniques for Synthesizing Pure and Cu-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles
title_sort comparative study of coprecipitation and solvothermal techniques for synthesizing pure and cu doped sno2 nanoparticles
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6155001
work_keys_str_mv AT chnarihussain acomparativestudyofcoprecipitationandsolvothermaltechniquesforsynthesizingpureandcudopedsno2nanoparticles
AT yousifmhassan acomparativestudyofcoprecipitationandsolvothermaltechniquesforsynthesizingpureandcudopedsno2nanoparticles
AT farahaabed acomparativestudyofcoprecipitationandsolvothermaltechniquesforsynthesizingpureandcudopedsno2nanoparticles
AT chnarihussain comparativestudyofcoprecipitationandsolvothermaltechniquesforsynthesizingpureandcudopedsno2nanoparticles
AT yousifmhassan comparativestudyofcoprecipitationandsolvothermaltechniquesforsynthesizingpureandcudopedsno2nanoparticles
AT farahaabed comparativestudyofcoprecipitationandsolvothermaltechniquesforsynthesizingpureandcudopedsno2nanoparticles