Evaluating the Environmental Impact: A Multisensor Remote Sensing Approach for Spatial and Temporal Analysis
This study quantifies the potential environmental impacts of the Karakoram highway (KKH) construction, which links the northern region of Pakistan with Western China. The upgrade of the KKH was carried out under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. We examined highway construction&am...
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10900415/ |
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| author | Bin Zhu Ahsen Maqsoom Lapyote Prasittisopin Chaudhary Danyal Aslam Umer Khalil Sahar Zia Niamat Ullah M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud Nazih Yacer Rebouh |
| author_facet | Bin Zhu Ahsen Maqsoom Lapyote Prasittisopin Chaudhary Danyal Aslam Umer Khalil Sahar Zia Niamat Ullah M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud Nazih Yacer Rebouh |
| author_sort | Bin Zhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study quantifies the potential environmental impacts of the Karakoram highway (KKH) construction, which links the northern region of Pakistan with Western China. The upgrade of the KKH was carried out under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. We examined highway construction's spatial and temporal effects on the immediate environment and the ecological revival progressions through remotely sensed images taken at distinct points in time. Here, using a buffer zone of 20 km along the KKH (10 km on both sides), we estimated the before-during-after remote sensing-based factors that relate to the ecology to compute the geographical and temporal variations of environmental effects during the building of the KKH. The outcomes showed that whereas land cover makeup remained broadly consistent in the south of the buffer, it underwent significant changes in the upper portion as we moved more and more towards the north. The buffer region showed clear degradation-recovery trends in the moistness and vegetation states, as evidenced by the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) correspondingly. Meanwhile, the land surface temperature (LST) gradually increased. The maximum relative changes in NDMI, NDVI, and LST were roughly 60%, 40%, and 12%, respectively. According to an Integrated environment quality index, the effects of highway developments on the environment were most pronounced in the immediate vicinity and diminished with distance. This study's method for quantifying highway system disturbances' spatial and temporal changes and subsequent recovery can be easily extended to different geographical areas. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-91b914c3c3ce46d083f736b5d47c60a3 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1939-1404 2151-1535 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-91b914c3c3ce46d083f736b5d47c60a32025-08-20T03:01:27ZengIEEEIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing1939-14042151-15352025-01-01187189720610.1109/JSTARS.2025.354464210900415Evaluating the Environmental Impact: A Multisensor Remote Sensing Approach for Spatial and Temporal AnalysisBin Zhu0Ahsen Maqsoom1Lapyote Prasittisopin2Chaudhary Danyal Aslam3Umer Khalil4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1095-3169Sahar Zia5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-5423Niamat Ullah6https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4928-0423M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6767-3574Nazih Yacer Rebouh8Department of Fine Arts and Design, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, ChinaGreen Tech Institute, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Ben Guerir, MoroccoFaculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad Wah Campus, Wah Cantt., PakistanITC Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsGeography Department, Lahore College for Women University (LCWU), Lahore, PakistanSpatial Decision Support System (SDSS) Lab, National Center of GIS and Space Applications (NCGSA), Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, PakistanDepartment of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, RUDN University, Moscow, RussiaThis study quantifies the potential environmental impacts of the Karakoram highway (KKH) construction, which links the northern region of Pakistan with Western China. The upgrade of the KKH was carried out under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. We examined highway construction's spatial and temporal effects on the immediate environment and the ecological revival progressions through remotely sensed images taken at distinct points in time. Here, using a buffer zone of 20 km along the KKH (10 km on both sides), we estimated the before-during-after remote sensing-based factors that relate to the ecology to compute the geographical and temporal variations of environmental effects during the building of the KKH. The outcomes showed that whereas land cover makeup remained broadly consistent in the south of the buffer, it underwent significant changes in the upper portion as we moved more and more towards the north. The buffer region showed clear degradation-recovery trends in the moistness and vegetation states, as evidenced by the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) correspondingly. Meanwhile, the land surface temperature (LST) gradually increased. The maximum relative changes in NDMI, NDVI, and LST were roughly 60%, 40%, and 12%, respectively. According to an Integrated environment quality index, the effects of highway developments on the environment were most pronounced in the immediate vicinity and diminished with distance. This study's method for quantifying highway system disturbances' spatial and temporal changes and subsequent recovery can be easily extended to different geographical areas.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10900415/China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC)ecological quality index (EQI)highway constructionKarakoram highway (KKH)satellite indices |
| spellingShingle | Bin Zhu Ahsen Maqsoom Lapyote Prasittisopin Chaudhary Danyal Aslam Umer Khalil Sahar Zia Niamat Ullah M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud Nazih Yacer Rebouh Evaluating the Environmental Impact: A Multisensor Remote Sensing Approach for Spatial and Temporal Analysis IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) ecological quality index (EQI) highway construction Karakoram highway (KKH) satellite indices |
| title | Evaluating the Environmental Impact: A Multisensor Remote Sensing Approach for Spatial and Temporal Analysis |
| title_full | Evaluating the Environmental Impact: A Multisensor Remote Sensing Approach for Spatial and Temporal Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the Environmental Impact: A Multisensor Remote Sensing Approach for Spatial and Temporal Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the Environmental Impact: A Multisensor Remote Sensing Approach for Spatial and Temporal Analysis |
| title_short | Evaluating the Environmental Impact: A Multisensor Remote Sensing Approach for Spatial and Temporal Analysis |
| title_sort | evaluating the environmental impact a multisensor remote sensing approach for spatial and temporal analysis |
| topic | China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) ecological quality index (EQI) highway construction Karakoram highway (KKH) satellite indices |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10900415/ |
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