Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021

Background: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are common infectious diseases worldwide. Accurate and timely assessment of the disease burden of URIs is crucial for governments to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies, and to allocate and utilize healthcare resources more efficien...

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Main Authors: Shun-Xian Zhang, Yu-Juan Liu, En-Li Tan, Guo-Bing Yang, Yu Wang, Xiao-Jie Hu, Ming-Zi Li, Lei Duan, Shan Lv, Li-Guang Tian, Mu-Xin Chen, Fan-Na Wei, Qin Liu, Yan Lu, Shi-Zhu Li, Pin Yang, Jin-Xin Zheng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2024-01-01
Series:Science in One Health
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949704324000234
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author Shun-Xian Zhang
Yu-Juan Liu
En-Li Tan
Guo-Bing Yang
Yu Wang
Xiao-Jie Hu
Ming-Zi Li
Lei Duan
Shan Lv
Li-Guang Tian
Mu-Xin Chen
Fan-Na Wei
Qin Liu
Yan Lu
Shi-Zhu Li
Pin Yang
Jin-Xin Zheng
author_facet Shun-Xian Zhang
Yu-Juan Liu
En-Li Tan
Guo-Bing Yang
Yu Wang
Xiao-Jie Hu
Ming-Zi Li
Lei Duan
Shan Lv
Li-Guang Tian
Mu-Xin Chen
Fan-Na Wei
Qin Liu
Yan Lu
Shi-Zhu Li
Pin Yang
Jin-Xin Zheng
author_sort Shun-Xian Zhang
collection DOAJ
description Background: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are common infectious diseases worldwide. Accurate and timely assessment of the disease burden of URIs is crucial for governments to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies, and to allocate and utilize healthcare resources more efficiently. Methods: For URIs in Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and case numbers for incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs across the globe, five socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, 21 geographical regions, and 204 countries and territories were provided and analyzed. Trends from 1990 to 2021 were described using the average annual percentage change (AAPC), and future URIs burden was projected with a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model. Results: From 1990 to 2021, there was a significant decline in global ASIR (APCC = −289.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −298.59 to −281.12), ASPR (AAPC = −4.04, 95% CI: −4.16 to −3.92), ASMR (AAPC = −0.02, 95 % CI: −0.02 to −0.03) and age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −0.75, 95% CI: −0.76 to −0.74). The ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rate were high in elderly for both males and females, and both genders. Similarly, the number of incident cases, prevalence cases, deaths, and DALY cases for URIs was highest in children under five years. The ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate exhibited a negative correlation with SDI across 204 countries and territories in 2021. The ASIR and ASPR for URIs will show an upward trend from 2022 to 2050, while ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate are expected to decline. Low birth weight for gestation remains the leading contributor to deaths related to URIs. Conclusion: Despite the global decline in URIs burden, significant challenges remain among the elderly population. These findings support the optimization and implementation of public health policies, including targeted vaccination and integrated One Health approaches to reduce the burden in high-risk populations.
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spelling doaj-art-919ead64eb8a401e9d932dd7de0903cd2025-08-20T02:34:23ZengElsevierScience in One Health2949-70432024-01-01310008410.1016/j.soh.2024.100084Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021Shun-Xian Zhang0Yu-Juan Liu1En-Li Tan2Guo-Bing Yang3Yu Wang4Xiao-Jie Hu5Ming-Zi Li6Lei Duan7Shan Lv8Li-Guang Tian9Mu-Xin Chen10Fan-Na Wei11Qin Liu12Yan Lu13Shi-Zhu Li14Pin Yang15Jin-Xin Zheng16Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, ChinaJinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, ChinaGansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaGansu Province People's Hospital, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaLonghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, ChinaLonghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, ChinaGeorgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue Atlanta, GA 30332, United StatesNHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China; Corresponding author. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China.School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research-Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Corresponding author.Background: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are common infectious diseases worldwide. Accurate and timely assessment of the disease burden of URIs is crucial for governments to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies, and to allocate and utilize healthcare resources more efficiently. Methods: For URIs in Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and case numbers for incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs across the globe, five socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, 21 geographical regions, and 204 countries and territories were provided and analyzed. Trends from 1990 to 2021 were described using the average annual percentage change (AAPC), and future URIs burden was projected with a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model. Results: From 1990 to 2021, there was a significant decline in global ASIR (APCC = −289.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −298.59 to −281.12), ASPR (AAPC = −4.04, 95% CI: −4.16 to −3.92), ASMR (AAPC = −0.02, 95 % CI: −0.02 to −0.03) and age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −0.75, 95% CI: −0.76 to −0.74). The ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rate were high in elderly for both males and females, and both genders. Similarly, the number of incident cases, prevalence cases, deaths, and DALY cases for URIs was highest in children under five years. The ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate exhibited a negative correlation with SDI across 204 countries and territories in 2021. The ASIR and ASPR for URIs will show an upward trend from 2022 to 2050, while ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate are expected to decline. Low birth weight for gestation remains the leading contributor to deaths related to URIs. Conclusion: Despite the global decline in URIs burden, significant challenges remain among the elderly population. These findings support the optimization and implementation of public health policies, including targeted vaccination and integrated One Health approaches to reduce the burden in high-risk populations.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949704324000234Global Burden of Disease 2021Upper respiratory infectionsBAPCOne Health
spellingShingle Shun-Xian Zhang
Yu-Juan Liu
En-Li Tan
Guo-Bing Yang
Yu Wang
Xiao-Jie Hu
Ming-Zi Li
Lei Duan
Shan Lv
Li-Guang Tian
Mu-Xin Chen
Fan-Na Wei
Qin Liu
Yan Lu
Shi-Zhu Li
Pin Yang
Jin-Xin Zheng
Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021
Science in One Health
Global Burden of Disease 2021
Upper respiratory infections
BAPC
One Health
title Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021
title_full Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021
title_fullStr Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021
title_full_unstemmed Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021
title_short Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021
title_sort global regional and national burden of upper respiratory infections 1990 2021 findings from the global burden of disease study 2021
topic Global Burden of Disease 2021
Upper respiratory infections
BAPC
One Health
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949704324000234
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